Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:

differences, photographer, Congress, Dardanelle, rivalry, France, dismantling, Ottoman, Nations, gold, 1945, international, wars, oppression, aftermath, curtailing, debts, concentration, combatants, economy, member, war, conflicts, 1915, demilitarized, moorings, Russians, proportioned, center, Armenian, rescue, Wilson, magnitude, inflation, Hapsburg, hobbled, London, world, India, rebuilding

•

after WWI ended, the nations were faced with the task of                     rebuilding the core at the center of the world system

•

tried to patch up the                       differences they had

•

some envisioned a world that would put an end to the                   conflicts that had given rise to the First World War

•

an idea put forth as the war ground down: this should be a war to end all         wars

•

this was the spirit, albeit not well                         proportioned, of the men who gathered in Versailles in France in 1919

•

imagined and discussed &global& peace

•

Woodrow             Wilson was the hero of the day

•

particularly in             France

•

treated the entrance of the United States in the war as one of the moments that would             rescue France

•

sought to design a new           world system

•

shared several principles:

•

1.                           international trade system had to be restored

•

the change for peace would be better the more there was a global               economy

•

restore the         gold standard

•

the center of that global economy in the 19th century was             London and Britain, using the pound

•

but Britain now had large           debts to its dominions and to the United States now

•

it was unclear how this gold standard would get its                 moorings

•

inhibited by high                   inflation rates

•

restore trade

•

trade imbalances inhibited this

•

there was no more             center to the world economy

•

no plagued by debts

•

this was never completely resolved

•

2. the central powers would be                           demilitarized

•

3. begin the process of                       dismantling old empires

•

Woodrow Wilson: inter-imperial               rivalry had been the cause of conflict

•

dismantle the empires because empires seek       war

•

democratic nation-states are the anchorage for peace

•

self-determined nation-states should be rules by constitutional democracy

•

create protectorates

•

create nation-states out of the old

•

                Hapsburg Empire

•

              Ottoman Empire

•

colonies were entrusted to become protectorates and mandates

•

Palestine

•

1917 Lord Balfour declared that new states would be created in this zone, and until then these states would become protectorates

•

to govern all of this, there would be a new meta-institution for the world called the League of               Nations

•

to prevent future conflicts

•

it was a Utopian architecture

•

met resistance from the United States

•

isolationists believed that the United States

•

the United States                 Congress refused to ratify the treaty that would give rise to the league of nations

•

this was quite different than the decision by the United States in         1945 at the end of WWII

•

while the League of Nations was approved, the United States was not a             member

•

from the beginning, the league of nations was a               hobbled organization

•

there arose a spectre of violence and rising racialized genocide

•

WWI was also an internal war among empires

•

Gandhi and others in           India became increasingly active again the suppression in India

•

the English economy had become quite dependent on India and needed it to support the war effort

•

the empire was 40% larger than Britain itself

•

        1915 Defense of India Act

•

an emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India with the intention of                     curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of the First World War.

•

especially severe in the Punjab and Bengal

•

by 1918, Britain had over 2 million Indian soldiers in combat and non-combat unions

•

extermination was more sever in the Ottoman Empire

•

mass killing of                 Armenian Christians

•

Ottomans lived in fear

•

the                     Dardanelle Straits had been blockaded

•

the                 Russians had invaded the Ottoman Empire

•

there was concern of non-Turkish people to the Ottoman effort

•

Greeks, Jews, and especially Christian Armenias were targeted for                     oppression

•

Turkey felt it had to purge itself of foreign elements

•

foreigners inside Turkey was a problem for Turkey itself

•

Yusuf Akçura: "Turkishness is a brotherhood born of race."

•

started                           concentration camps

•

soon billowed into an extermination campaign

•

goal was to eradicate the Christian presense

•

began in 1915

•

Armenians gathered together in camps

•

something more macabre and sinister

•

how do you tell the story of the hanged and executioners

•

how do you tell the story where the executioners pose for the                         photographer in front of those they hanged

•

600,000 - 1,000,000 Armenians were slaughtered or died

•

the world had not yet seen a mass killing of non-                    combatants on this scale before

•

90% of the Armenian population was eliminated

•

WWI was in a sense like a giant onion: conflicts within villages that would escalate outward into large conflicts and eventually a war among empires and brutality between states

•

so a war of this constitution and                   magnitude was not a war to end all wars

•

in some ways, we are still trying to cope with its                   aftermath