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Notes on video lecture:
The Two Europes That Emerged After WWII
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on May 16, 2014 (go to class or lectures)
Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
contain, walls, backfired, helpless, popular, afford, Gaulists, rivalries, future, cartoon, cotton, hub, subverted, hard, galvanizing, free, contradictions, purchasing, Monnet, shopping, Czechoslovakia, communist, knock, unions, generous, congress, confidence, revival, wrong, 1947, grip, military, Acheson, American, Truman, height, bridging
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Marshall Plan
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the name was deliberate because George Marshall was considerably more than Harry Truman
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would raise the odds of getting it through
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but it was a team effort:
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Dean
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played key role
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stressed anti- message to congress
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advocate of trade
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George Kennan
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Soviet communism and it will "expire of its own "
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no confrontation
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an economic in Western Europe was necessary
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Will Clayton
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major role in shaping the Marshall Plan in
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economic adviser to at the Potsdam Conference
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-In 1948, he returned to his private business in Houston, but remained active in efforts to promote free trade
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came from Texas, dealt in , advocate of free trade
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one reason why Europeans couldn't buy products from America is they didn't have currency
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we have this image of the Marshall Plan as a foreign aid effort, we were very and we gave the Europeans tons of money. That's a kind of good story of the Marshall Plan, but you can't learn anything from it. It misses what really made the Marshall Plan work:
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1. the Marshall Plan encouraged the Europeans to "create a list", tell us what you would buy if you had a lot of dollars
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then the American government would be their agent, "we'll go buy it"
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of course, the American government will buy it from companies
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the Europeans like it because they get massive amounts of money to make purchases from the United States which they otherwise would not be able to
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2. Europeans had to agree that they would down the trade barriers within Europe
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America said: "We're not going to deal with eight European countries, each with it's own trade "
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then you can participate together and create your shopping list for us
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3. prewar political have to be downplayed and muted
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communist point of view
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everything about the Marshall plan is , since the Americans are the , not the Soviets
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cooperative elements imply free trade, incompatible with communist economic ideology
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implementation of the Marshall Plan
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1947, 48, and into the 50s
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effects
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psychological
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gave people that "the glass was filling instead of draining"
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gave them political and economic confidence about the
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vision for Europe
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created a vision for Western Europe as a cooperative entity combining its resources
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French political polls
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no right wing, monarchical voting, although a few but not very strong
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communists at their , made up majority with democratic socialists, and social democrats
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1947 Communists launch a general strike, and are pushed out of power
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social democrats:
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big government, big companies, big , free market with a strong government role, a lot of institution building
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sometimes called Christian Democrats
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become the key centrist force
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Jean and Robert Schumann
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cooperated, and are committed to Western European countries and getting them to work together
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Eastern Europe
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Soviet Union increasingly tightenting its
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a tragic story for the fate of Eastern Europe
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democratic forces
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made sure that they and their allies seize power
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West was to intervene
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created flashpoints
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was a shock since the whole cause of Czechoslovakia was still fresh in minds from WWII
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divided Germany and divided Berlin
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1948: Soviets cut Berlin off, forcing Berlin to be kept afloat
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this and created iconic images of the West going to great lengths to provide for Berlin
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images like the American plane landing in Berlin to feed children had a effect on Europe and clarified the nature of the two Europes that were coming into existence
People:
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Robert Schuman (1886-1963) A founder of the European Union, twice Prime Minister of France, Minister of Finance and Foreign Minister
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Jean Monnet (1888-1979) French political economist and diplomat, regarded as a chief architect of European unity
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Dean Acheson (1893-1971) Secretary of State in Truman administration, helped design the Marshall Plan
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George Kennan (1904-2005) American political scientists, the "father of containment"
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Flashcards:
three people who helped create the Marshall plan
Dean Acheson, George Kennan, Will Clayton
Ideas and Concepts:
Three reasons the Marshall Plan worked, via tonight's History Since 1760 class: "We have this image of the Marshall Plan as a foreign aid effort in which "America was very generous and gave the Europeans tons of money". That's a kind of good cartoon story of the Marshall Plan, but you can't learn anything from it. It misses what really made the Marshall Plan work. The reasons the Marshall Plan worked was:1. America told Europe to "create a shopping list of everything you would buy if you had the dollars to do it". Then the American government became Europe's purchasing agent, and subsequently purchased the goods and services from, of course, American companies. Europeans loved this since it gave them the buying power which they otherwise wouldn't have had, and American companies loved this because it gave them a large customer base with buying power. 2. America told Europe "We're not going to deal with eight different European countries each with its own trade walls" and set up stipulations that would knock down trade barriers within Western Europe enforcing free trade throughout all of its countries. 3. America encouraged a strong European effort to downplay and mute prewar political rivalries between European countries. If the Marshall Plan was going to work, Western Europe had to act as one."
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