Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:

Guevara, Castro, same, Nehru, Bandung, arm, depress, Algeria, capital, hatred, British, Third, dismantling, Vietnam, Indonesia, Japan, Nasser, client, modernization, Sinai, credit, Canada, predatory, high, financially, Batista, choke, Mboya, government, Abbas, objects, dams, nationalists, redistribute, reducing, Stalin, imperialist, poverty, communist, hero, market, uncommitted, Suez, fragility, Nehru, Hawaii, Nkrumah, Brazil, Brotherhood, future, court, tariffs, money, colonial, rebellions, Israelis, meddle, rebels, Sukarno, laboratories, key, allies, junior, inherited, property

•

the         Suez Canal background tension

•

how does the United States reconcile its anti-                  communist goals with the imperialist goals of the British and French

•

imperial interests are creating colonial                     rebellions that are playing into the hands of the communists

•

the United States wants to be on the side of aspiring                         nationalists for the sake of its anti-communist confederation

•

that puts it in conflict with the empires, yet these empires are their             allies, that's the tension which came to a head in 1956 with the Suez Canal

•

1954: French lost Indochina

•

French were locked in an intense struggle to retain               Algeria, it's North African department of France

•

Egypt under Nasser

•

Nasser overthrows 1952 government, cracked down on Muslim                       Brotherhood and ousted president

•

1956 nationalizes Suez Canal

•

obliges               British to withdraw their forces from Egypt, forces that had been their since 1882, also because of a dispute over the Suez Canal

•

the French don't like Nasserian Egypt either since they think he is supporting Algerian             rebels

•

British see Nasser's move on Suez Canal as a way to cut one of their historic imperial life lines

•

British and French secretly collude with the                 Israelis so that all three countries launch a joint military occupation which will seize the Suez Canal while the Israelis will attack Egypt in Sinai

•

Lester B. Pearson from             Canada had proposed a UN peacekeeping force

•

U.S. supported this and put pressure on the British                       financially

•

unlike 1882, the British and the French had to take a humiliating withdrawal, Israelis forced to withdraw from           Sinai

•

significance of the Suez Canal outcome

•

for the West: Americans had reaffirmed the centrality of the anti-communist confederation

•

British and France began looking toward the                       dismantling of their empires as something that was inevitable

•

the process of decolonization accelerated rapidly

•

as French and British gave up their                 colonial identity, they started focusing on European identity

•

and some of this European identity excluded the United States, as there was hostility toward the U.S. coming out of the Suez Canal crisis

•

for the East, it gave the Soviet Union more opportunity for taking sides in the Middle East, finding states who wanted Soviet       arm supplies

•

to the Soviet Union, Nasser was a         hero who stood up to the west and vindicated the cause of nationalism

•

Nasser symbolized the new power of the           Third World

•

Third World

•

countries not included in NATO or Communist Bloc, the                       uncommitted middle

•

from the point of view of the superpowers

•

Third World countries were very important as               objects

•

1. dependent patron/            client relationships

•

not formal colonies but             junior partners on one side or the other

•

2. development models

•

experimental                         laboratories for American or communist ideas about development

•

enormous infrastructure projects such as         dams to generate electricity

•

3. geopolitical locations and strategic pivots

•

to control           choke points to important areas of the world

•

4. examples of authenticity and liberation

•

striving against hierarchical oppression

•

idealized image of "the natural person", e.g. Che               Guevara, who became a symbol of revolution against oppression

•

5. in all the Third World seemed important

•

from the point of view of Third World countries

•

a non-aligned movement

•

Sukarno

•

1955 president Sukarno in                   Indonesia

•

organized the               Bandung Conference to unite developing Asian and African countries into a non-aligned movement to counter the competing superpowers at the time

•

interesting that China also attended

•

Jawaharlal           Nehru

•

prime minister of India from 1947-1964

•

there was a notion that whichever way the Third World swung would determine             future balance of power between the rival blocks

•

leaders felt pressured to be subjects

•

the shape of their countries had been shaped by and                   inherited from imperial rule

•

kind of government

•

property laws

•

          court system

•

armies

•

political vocabulary

•

shaped by the anti-                      imperialist struggle

•

they are simultaneously products of imperial rule and the             hatred of imperial rule

•

decolonization was going on globally in the 1950s and 1960s, little countries getting their independence but with weighted dependence toward the superpowers

•

fragility

•

structure of some of these states are very small

•

e.g. one radio station, one newspaper, a small               capital

•

loyal army units you can count on might be a few battalions

•

leaders were conscious of what it would take for someone to suddenly overthrow them and how foreigners might             meddle in the affairs of your country

•

affected deals they made to buy goods, promises they made, relations they entered into

•

leaders were both worried by their                   fragility and tempted by it

•

independence

•

want to feel more independent

•

leaders are trying to manipulate the foreigners to serve their interests

•

modernization

•

catching up

•

lifting their people out of               poverty

•

this was a very strong notion for Third World countries

•

there were multiple meanings of                           modernization

•

banks

•

who controls the modernized banks in my country?

•

who gets access to credit in             credit?

•

key industries

•

what is the relationship of my government to       key industries: tin, copper, etc.

•

land

•

are you satisfied by who owns land or do you need to                         redistribute it?

•

trade

•

do you like the trading system that the imperial power left you with?

•

raise or lower               tariffs?

•

wages and prices

•

do you let the             market set the price for e.g. bread and gasoline?

•

justice

•

guarantees                 property rights

•

will it be independent?

•

communist model

•

the                     government controls all of these issues

•

democratic socialism model

•

e.g. Nehru, Mexico

•

state would control quite a lot of these issues

•

land

•

key industries, e.g. oil

•

import-substitution industrialization (ISI)

•

e.g.             Brazil

•

increase barriers to trade to develop your own industries

•

low trade and increased local industry

•

                reducing local imports of foreign goods

•

export-oriented industrialization (EOI)

•

e.g.           Japan, South Korea

•

barriers to imports might still be         high

•

keep out foreign imports

•

high trade

•

              depress wages

•

depress currency

•

rich countries will think: that stuff they are making is so cheap, we want to buy it

•

problem: you are keeping the wealth of your own people is lower

•

their buying power is being reduced to keep your exports high

•

your companies are happy but your workers are not

•

this define politics in Japan and South Korea in the 1970s

•

liberal stance along the 19th century lines

•

keep government out

•

only regulate capitalist system as much as necessary

•

old-fashioned                   predatory state

•

the choice of dictators who didn't want to fuss with all of these choices

•

like states that had been around for thousands of years

•

find out what in your country makes           money, grab control of it, then squeeze out as much of it as you can for yourself

•

these pressures shaped Third World countries leaders

•

Ghana's Kwame               Nkrumah

•

oversaw liberation from Britain in Ghana

•

saw himself as African Lenin

•

              Vietnam's Ho Chi-Minh

•

Vietnamese Communist revolutionary, president of North Vietnam 1945-1969

•

Egypt's             Nasser

•

Algeria's Ferhat           Abbas (1899-1985)

•

involved in revoluationary struggle of Algeria

•

Kenya's Tom           Mboya

•

spearheaded the negotiations for Kenya's independence from Britain

•

during this time was when Obama's father came to             Hawaii on a scholarship sponsored by the United States

•

China's Mao Tse Tung

•

took land and food away from the rural peasants and redistributed it to the cities

•

this "Great Leap Forward" caused a famine as             Stalin's similar attempt in the 1930s

•

probably caused between 20 and 30 million lives

•

Indonesia's               Sukarno

•

1946 menacing insurgent figure

•

1958 weary, battled president of a country suffering from civil war

•

India's           Nehru

•

split into India and Pakistan

•

Pakistan had divisions of its own

•

a part of Pakistan, East Bengal succeeded from Pakistan and became Bangladesh

•

pressured by China

•

Cuba's             Castro

•

led 26th of July movement against               Batista in 1959

•

then chose a communist model for his country

•

variety and similarities

•

even though these people indicate a wide variety of personalities, each of them had to deal with the         same sorts of questions and issues in their countries

•

important to remember that super powers were using Third World countries for their purposes, just as Third World country leaders were using the superpowers for their purposes