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Notes on video lecture:
The Emergence of the Third World
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on July 28, 2014 (go to class or lectures)
Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
Mboya, Nehru, uncommitted, poverty, Abbas, arm, Batista, Algeria, financially, redistribute, Nasser, key, Nkrumah, laboratories, Hawaii, communist, inherited, modernization, Japan, reducing, market, British, Stalin, Brotherhood, court, Suez, Third, Brazil, Vietnam, future, dismantling, dams, government, Guevara, objects, credit, hero, rebellions, hatred, fragility, Nehru, property, client, meddle, Canada, depress, rebels, colonial, choke, predatory, tariffs, Israelis, capital, allies, Castro, Indonesia, Sinai, junior, imperialist, Bandung, money, same, nationalists, Sukarno, high
the Canal background tension
how does the United States reconcile its anti- goals with the imperialist goals of the British and French
imperial interests are creating colonial that are playing into the hands of the communists
the United States wants to be on the side of aspiring for the sake of its anti-communist confederation
that puts it in conflict with the empires, yet these empires are their , that's the tension which came to a head in 1956 with the Suez Canal
1954: French lost Indochina
French were locked in an intense struggle to retain , it's North African department of France
Egypt under Nasser
Nasser overthrows 1952 government, cracked down on Muslim and ousted president
1956 nationalizes Suez Canal
obliges to withdraw their forces from Egypt, forces that had been their since 1882, also because of a dispute over the Suez Canal
the French don't like Nasserian Egypt either since they think he is supporting Algerian
British see Nasser's move on Suez Canal as a way to cut one of their historic imperial life lines
British and French secretly collude with the so that all three countries launch a joint military occupation which will seize the Suez Canal while the Israelis will attack Egypt in Sinai
Lester B. Pearson from had proposed a UN peacekeeping force
U.S. supported this and put pressure on the British
unlike 1882, the British and the French had to take a humiliating withdrawal, Israelis forced to withdraw from
significance of the Suez Canal outcome
for the West: Americans had reaffirmed the centrality of the anti-communist confederation
British and France began looking toward the of their empires as something that was inevitable
the process of decolonization accelerated rapidly
as French and British gave up their identity, they started focusing on European identity
and some of this European identity excluded the United States, as there was hostility toward the U.S. coming out of the Suez Canal crisis
for the East, it gave the Soviet Union more opportunity for taking sides in the Middle East, finding states who wanted Soviet supplies
to the Soviet Union, Nasser was a who stood up to the west and vindicated the cause of nationalism
Nasser symbolized the new power of the World
Third World
countries not included in NATO or Communist Bloc, the middle
from the point of view of the superpowers
Third World countries were very important as
1. dependent patron/ relationships
not formal colonies but partners on one side or the other
2. development models
experimental for American or communist ideas about development
enormous infrastructure projects such as to generate electricity
3. geopolitical locations and strategic pivots
to control points to important areas of the world
4. examples of authenticity and liberation
striving against hierarchical oppression
idealized image of "the natural person", e.g. Che , who became a symbol of revolution against oppression
5. in all the Third World seemed important
from the point of view of Third World countries
a non-aligned movement
Sukarno
1955 president Sukarno in
organized the Conference to unite developing Asian and African countries into a non-aligned movement to counter the competing superpowers at the time
interesting that China also attended
Jawaharlal
prime minister of India from 1947-1964
there was a notion that whichever way the Third World swung would determine balance of power between the rival blocks
leaders felt pressured to be subjects
the shape of their countries had been shaped by and from imperial rule
kind of government
property laws
system
armies
political vocabulary
shaped by the anti- struggle
they are simultaneously products of imperial rule and the of imperial rule
decolonization was going on globally in the 1950s and 1960s, little countries getting their independence but with weighted dependence toward the superpowers
fragility
structure of some of these states are very small
e.g. one radio station, one newspaper, a small
loyal army units you can count on might be a few battalions
leaders were conscious of what it would take for someone to suddenly overthrow them and how foreigners might in the affairs of your country
affected deals they made to buy goods, promises they made, relations they entered into
leaders were both worried by their and tempted by it
independence
want to feel more independent
leaders are trying to manipulate the foreigners to serve their interests
modernization
catching up
lifting their people out of
this was a very strong notion for Third World countries
there were multiple meanings of
banks
who controls the modernized banks in my country?
who gets access to credit in ?
key industries
what is the relationship of my government to industries: tin, copper, etc.
land
are you satisfied by who owns land or do you need to it?
trade
do you like the trading system that the imperial power left you with?
raise or lower ?
wages and prices
do you let the set the price for e.g. bread and gasoline?
justice
guarantees rights
will it be independent?
communist model
the controls all of these issues
democratic socialism model
e.g. Nehru, Mexico
state would control quite a lot of these issues
land
key industries, e.g. oil
import-substitution industrialization (ISI)
e.g.
increase barriers to trade to develop your own industries
low trade and increased local industry
local imports of foreign goods
export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
e.g. , South Korea
barriers to imports might still be
keep out foreign imports
high trade
wages
depress currency
rich countries will think: that stuff they are making is so cheap, we want to buy it
problem: you are keeping the wealth of your own people is lower
their buying power is being reduced to keep your exports high
your companies are happy but your workers are not
this define politics in Japan and South Korea in the 1970s
liberal stance along the 19th century lines
keep government out
only regulate capitalist system as much as necessary
old-fashioned state
the choice of dictators who didn't want to fuss with all of these choices
like states that had been around for thousands of years
find out what in your country makes , grab control of it, then squeeze out as much of it as you can for yourself
these pressures shaped Third World countries leaders
Ghana's Kwame
oversaw liberation from Britain in Ghana
saw himself as African Lenin
's Ho Chi-Minh
Vietnamese Communist revolutionary, president of North Vietnam 1945-1969
Egypt's
Algeria's Ferhat (1899-1985)
involved in revoluationary struggle of Algeria
Kenya's Tom
spearheaded the negotiations for Kenya's independence from Britain
during this time was when Obama's father came to on a scholarship sponsored by the United States
China's Mao Tse Tung
took land and food away from the rural peasants and redistributed it to the cities
this "Great Leap Forward" caused a famine as 's similar attempt in the 1930s
probably caused between 20 and 30 million lives
Indonesia's
1946 menacing insurgent figure
1958 weary, battled president of a country suffering from civil war
India's
split into India and Pakistan
Pakistan had divisions of its own
a part of Pakistan, East Bengal succeeded from Pakistan and became Bangladesh
pressured by China
Cuba's
led 26th of July movement against in 1959
then chose a communist model for his country
variety and similarities
even though these people indicate a wide variety of personalities, each of them had to deal with the sorts of questions and issues in their countries
important to remember that super powers were using Third World countries for their purposes, just as Third World country leaders were using the superpowers for their purposes
Vocabulary:
collude, v. act together secretly to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose ⇒ "What happens then is that the British and French secretly collude with the Israelis so that all three countries launch a joint military occupation which will seize the Suez Canal while the Israelis will attack Egypt in Sinai." |
People:
######################### (1890-1969) Vietnamese Communist revolutionary, president of North Vietnam 1945-1969
|
######################### (1909-1972) Leader of Ghana 1951-1966 nation's independence from British colonization in 1957
|
######################### (1928-1967) Argentine Marxist revolutionary against capitalist exploitation of Latin America
|
######################### (1918-1957) Second president of Egypt after planning 1952 overthrow of monarchy, cracked down on Muslim Brotherhood and ousted president
|