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Notes on video lecture:
1950s: Loosening Empires and Building Confederations
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on July 9, 2014 (go to class or lectures)
Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
Turkey, nuclear, Suez, Farouk, Empire, German, outsiders, cooperation, French, Communist, partnership, Africa, 1947, organized, NATO, squelched, competitors, Russians, recedes, crisis, oil, British, Arab, crude, kinships, Indonesia, good, Khrushchev, president, Queen, METO, chaos, exiled, confederation, real, armistice, Shigeru, Mosaddegh, purges, Stalin
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the ways in which governments                    themselves began changing significantly in the 1950s
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in the mid-1950s, apart from India and                   , the main empires are mainly still there
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British Commonwealth
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independent states that still regard the            as their sovereign
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dedicated to their common heritage
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political                       
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French colonial empire
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still had Indochina
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still controlled many parts of             
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the empires, however, are changing
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19th century Imperial partnerships
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colonial rules and colonial elites
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1950s, the elites are rising, e.g. the British influence                but is still present and even dominant, important groups are still deeply involved
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oil companies
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political advisers
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as decolonization unfolds, you change from one kind of                        to another one
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a new association: the anti-                   confederation, led by the USA
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the reason why we don't use the term "American             " because "empire" has a very specific meaning
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countries that are part of          are not part of an American empire since they remain independent countries
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they are, however, part of an anti-communist                           
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confederation, n. a body of states united for certain common purposes, sovereign states united for common action in relation to externals
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Americans are interested and active in the domestic politics of the countries in the confederacy and visa versa
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             politicians lobbying members of congress
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American politicians forming                  with this or that German political party
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in some cases the                    has better relations with leaders of other countries than with leaders of specific States
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blended identity
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our interests and their interests are different yet blended
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the Rio Pact
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agreement signed on         
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an attack against one is to be considered an attack against them all
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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much interaction between politicians, military commanders
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Baghdad Pact or          (Middle East Treaty Organization)
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included Iran, Iraq, Pakistan,             , and the United Kingdom
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committed the nations to mutual cooperation and protection, as well as non-intervention in each other's affairs, its goal was to contain the Soviet Union by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southwestern frontier
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began disintegrating by end of 1950s, dissolved in 1979, partly due to resentment toward the British
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South-East Asia treaty organization
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Egypt
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1952 Revolution
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initially aimed at overthrowing King             
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then to establish a republic, end the                occupation of the country, and secure the independence of Sudan, hitherto governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium
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British view on revolution
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threat to empire, threat to canal
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American view on revolution
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support          nationalism because it could be anti-communist
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so while the Americans are trying to be friends with Nasser, the British are trying to depose him
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Iran
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trying to regain full independence
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1940s trying to push out                 
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British had left but retain a controlling interest in Iran's        supply
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Iran tries to take over oil
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American's don't agree with British on oil and want to support Mosaddegh
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Mosaddegh
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understood these complications, he "oiled the wheels of           "
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nationalist
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wanted to reduce foreign influence
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not a brutal, military autocrat
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a liberal politician of an earlier era
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Americans worry that he will become a pawn of Communists
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Americans and British overthrow                    and put back in the old ruling family in the person of the Shah of Iran living in exile in Rome
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Iran then became a member of the anti-Communist confederation for awhile
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British
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Egypt was trying to regain control of the          canal and Iran was trying to regain control of their oil
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Europe and Japan
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reborn in post-war years
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1950s-60s looked back on with nostalgia
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part of what is creating this boom is an alphabet soup of organizations
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GATT
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
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lowered trade barriers
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ECA
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Economic Cooperation Administration
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organization that distributed the aid that required the European countries to work together
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EPU
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European Payments Union
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coordinating financial system
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a system for martial aid
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western Europe is becoming an economic entity
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European Coal and Steel Community
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coal and steel were seen as a sign of national power
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"SCAPanese" model
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Supreme Command of the Allied Powers
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the allied occupation authority in occupied Japan
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Japanese foreign minister Yoshida               
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Japan's increasing economic with offshore Asia
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with United States as a critical market for exports
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Japan passed over Russia's GDP and approached high income status
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South Korea
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takes longer to recover, was very war ravaged from Korean War
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much foreign aid from the United States
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1953              died
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North Koreans and Chinese backers decided to sign an                    agreement, not a peace treaty, but a suspension of hostilities
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created a demilitarized zone
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growth of consensus politics
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big government
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big unions
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a sense that we can't and won't go back to the politics of the extremes
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even unsatisfactory compromises seemed more appealing than the alternatives
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Vietnam
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1954 war between the              and the Viet Minh
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conference in Geneva
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French would leave and Vietnam would hold elections
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French left but Vietnam never held elections
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instead, two states are created
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The New Communists
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in Western Europe Communism was still a powerful movement
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long-time followers
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became a community of                    in their countries
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Tito in Yugoslavia
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authoritarian state capitalism
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there was a danger that Stalin would invade Yugoslavia or try to get Tito out of the way
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but Stalin dies and Tito survives
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Yugoslavia was a mix between communism and democratic socialism
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Soviet Union
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great land development projects
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sharing of technical expertise with China
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warm period in 1950s in China
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old Communists wondered if                      and the new communists were still committed to the global cause of communism and the overthrown of capitalist, reactionaries and imperialists
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Khrushchev
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a blend of contradictions
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impulsive, earthy,            at times, from humble beginnings
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no experience of world travel
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much experience in upper levels of Communist party
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survived the             
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high hopes for Soviet Union in economic progress
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contrasted with Mao Zedong
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Mao says Soviets need to share their                bomb
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Khrushchev uneasy about this
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1956:              year
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20th CPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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The Secret Speech
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long speech recounting the crimes of Stalin
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Mao's reaction to this speech: gave speech of his own: Stalin was 70%          and 30% bad
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Mao decides to embark on own path, China can move forward in          communism
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in Hungary and Poland communists try to embark on their own paths, but are                   
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1957: Khrushchev moves against his own dissenters, but they are             , not shot
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1956/1957 change in world communism
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challenged from within
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but Khrushchev and Mao became                        in extremist communism and a turning point in world communism was lost

People:

Mohammad Mosaddegh (1882-1967)
Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953 overthrown by British/Americans
  • pro nationalization of the Iranian oil industry (under British control since 1913)
Josip Tito (1892-1980)
Authoritarian, "benevolent dictator" of Yugoslavia
  • 1943-1980 Supreme commander of Yugoslav army
  • during World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe

Spelling Corrections:

Tarifs ⇒ Tariffs
1914: Schizophrenic Germany
1914: The Balkan Whirlpool
1914: From Balkan Crisis to War
1914-1916: All War Plans Fail Horribly
The 1916 Missed Opportunity for Peace
WWI Pushes Warring Countries Toward Total States
Why the Allies Won World War One
Post-WWI: Filling the Void of Collapsed Empires
Post-WWI Communism vs. Anti-Communism
Post World War I: The Age of Uncertainty
1910s/1920s: Modern Women
The World of 1930
The 1930s World Crisis
1930s: The Decade of Contingency
America's Entry into World War II
WWII: Strategies for Total War
1945: Hour Zero
Post WWII: Imagining New Countries
Conflicts in Postwar Nation Building
The Two Europes That Emerged After WWII
1947 China: Undesirable Communists vs. Flawed Nationalists
Post WWII: The Age of America
Reasons for the Korean War
How WWIII was Avoided in the Korean War
1950-1952: The Cold War Comes to Main Street
1950-1954: The H-Bomb and the Nuclear Revolution
1950s: Loosening Empires and Building Confederations
The Emergence of the Third World
1958-1962: The World at the Brink
Third World Proxy Wars of the 1950s and 1960s
Managerial States and the Transnational Disruption of 1968
1970s Obstacles to Reducing Cold War Tensions
1970s Democratic Socialism Becomes a Non-Choice
1980s Political Polarization
1980s: Global Capitalism Transformed