Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:

porch, transform, Pantheon, weights, architecture, strong, mortar, Portunus, Tivoli, Etruscan, column, wood, pozzolana, moisture, Nerva, attractive, molds, Ionic

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concrete (Opus Caementicum [kigh-MENT-tee-kum]) changed the concept of                         architecture for the Romans

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a shift from tradition architecture to innovative

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tradition Roman architecture

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Temple of                 Portunus

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derivative that looked back at Greek and                 Etruscan religious architecture

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Etruscan

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tall podium

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deep           porch

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single staircase

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Greek elements

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made of stone

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          Ionic order on columns

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concrete

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concrete was used already in the Temple of Portunus (1 BC), but only in the podium, you can't see it

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can sustain great               weights

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placed in the podium for support

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Romans at this time begin to see that concrete has an ability to                   transform Roman architecture

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Roman concrete was different than today's concrete

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composite of various natural elements that becomes a mass when mixed with water, and hardens into a very             strong substance, much harder than any of its ingredients on its own

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components

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stone rubble

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liquid             mortar

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lime, sand, and                   pozzolana, a volcanic substance

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used in the early 2nd century BC

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concrete is not cut or quarried, it is cast into           molds

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can be cast in any shape, at least any shape that a carpenter can build with         wood

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freed the Roman architect from the confines of a rectilinear architecture inherited from the Etruscans and the Greeks

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greatest concrete structure:                 Pantheon

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we can compare an Etruscan tomb which attempted to do the same thing, using stone

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wasn't terribly successful, even had to put a stone             column in the middle for support

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two problems with concrete

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has to be protected from                 moisture

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is less                     attractive than stone

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solved these two problems in the same way

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when still wet, attached stone to it

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large blocks or small rocks pressed into the concrete

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Temple of Vesta at             Tivoli

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Opus incertum (uncertain masterwork) [in-KAIR-tum] protected the concrete with small stones

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Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina

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Palestrina is south of Tivoli

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used a stone-facing Opus incertum

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used often in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC

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over time the choice of facing changed

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under the Roman emperor           Nerva, there was a revolution in Roman architecture

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new facing material: brick

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the attractiveness of brick