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Notes on video lecture:
14,000 BC: Human Migration to the Americas
Notes taken by Edward Tanguay on September 13, 2013 (go to class or lectures)


Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:
disasters, ocean, swamps, islands, genera, Chile, Siberia, influential, forests, pampas, victims, rodents, similar, American, 200, lemurs, reindeer, disconnected, game, cusp, jungles, 100, genetic
the first globally event that humans achieved was cause the ecological catastrophe in Australia 50,000 to 40,000 years ago
the second globally influential event was a similar ecological catastrophe on the continents
humans arrived about 14,000 BC
arrived on foot while sea levels were low enough that a land bridge connected north Eastern Siberia with northwestern Alaska
they were probably in pursuit of large animals such as mammoths and which migrated back and forth along this land bridge
they then spread down into the continent of America
having been adjusted to living in the cold and long winters of , within 2,000 years they adjusted to a variety of habitats and ecosystems:
thick of Eastern United States
of the Mississippi Delta
deserts of Mexico
steaming of central America
open of Argentina
by 10,000 BC, humans already inhabited the most southern point of
no other animal had ever moved into such a variety of radically different habitats without undergoing any significant mutation.
you can find some animals which live in various habitats like this, for instance ants, but evolution throughout the ages has given them specific features which help them to survive in each of these environments, for instance, ants in the delta of the Mississippi are structurally different than ants in the pampas of Argentina, it took millions of years for them to adapt to these different places. Sapiens adapted well in less than 2,000 years.
the human migration from Siberia to Chile left behind a long trail of
American animals 60,000 years ago were much more varied than today
60,000 there were mammoths and mastodons (difference: mastodons had -shaped teeth different from mammoth and elephant teeth)
and beavers the size of bears
saber-tooth cats
giant sloths
within a few thousand years of humans arriving in North America, 34 of 47 genera of large mammals disappeared, South America lost 50 out of 60 genera large mammals, and we are talking about not species, each genera contained many species and they all disappeared
many smaller species also died out
this was one of the biggest and swiftest ecological to ever befall the animal kingdom
the more you were to Homo sapiens, the less chance you had of surviving
at the time of the cognitive revolution (70,000 year ago), earth was home to approximately genera of large terrestrial mammals (weighing over 50 kilograms), by the time of the agricultural revolution (12,000 years ago), there were only genera of large terrestrial mammals left, this means that Homo sapiens drove to extinction about half of the worlds large mammals long before we invented the wheel or writing, or iron tools.
after agricultural revolution
the extinctions did not stop after the agricultural revolutions, told by the archeological record of many
there were no new continents to conquer, but there were islands, and archeological records show that almost every time humans arrived on an island, large animals on that island would go extinct
Madagascar
from Africa
for millions of years evolutionary processes produced a very unique collection of animals
largest bird, flightless, 3 meters tall
, larger than gorillas
humans never really lived in harmony with nature
the large animals of the suffered relatively little from the ancient extinctions
in an analogy of the Biblical flood, the real flood was not water but humans who migrated around the global and decimated many kinds of animals, the only animals it protected were the ones it domesticated for its purposes such as horse, cows, sheep, and pigs