Choose from these words to fill the blanks below:

green, cloister, residential, axis, prototype, square, Greeks, Chang, important, monuments, newer, New, grid, 1681, Haussmann, river, beautiful, prominent, square, Montpazier, gridiron, Savannah, deserted, urban, wats, Tang, livable, Americas, meeting, wall, 2000, fortifications, property, relief, Xian, Sixtus, capital, Adelaide, Enfant, four, 1666, central, temples, Beijing, older, campfire

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cities in the per-industrial revolution

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in           older cities, you can see signs of cities of hundreds of years ago just by walking around

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but even in           newer cities, you can see aspects which have these roots

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in the earliest settlements

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people simply gathered around the                 campfire

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house emerged around it

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settlements developed in this informal process

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at least 3000 years ago, people began to deliberately design settlements

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common characteristics arose

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1. the         wall

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for defense

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critical element in planning cities for over         2000 years

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also moats

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2. the         grid

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a logical and easy way to subdivide                 property

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500 BC gridiron created by             Greeks 500 BC

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15th century: most common layout of cities when the Europeans conquered the                 Americas

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e.g. Lima, Peru

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3. the         axis

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in most cities throughout history, the design of the city was design around the fact that some people were more                   important than others

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e.g. Beijing, a central axis that only the emperor was permitted to walk along

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e.g. Renaissance Rome, Pope             Sixtus the V uses the Axis (Strada del Corso) as a way to united the residue of monuments that had been left throughout history

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4. the city             square

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in Europe, public squares were like living rooms of cities, places for important events such as market places

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England, city squares were often green spaces

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offered             relief from the dense city

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this idea was carried over into the       New World in the design of cities

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5. the                 cloister

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places for worship and home of religious deities

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monasteries, house of worship, temples, shrines

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often give                   prominent locations in cities

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Bangkok's many         wats were the landmarks that defined the city and do to this day

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churches define the skylines of early American cities

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sacred spaces were often accompanied by schools and public               meeting places

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how these five elements were incorporated in cities from antiquity to the 19th century

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          Chang-An

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800 AD, the largest and most important city in the world was Chang-An, in               central China, located along the Silk Road

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populate over 1,000,000

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seat of the         Tang Dynasty

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legations from all the important countries of the world

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today known as         Xian [ZHEE-ahn]

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planning of Chang-An began much earlier, many of walls and temples build in 100 BC

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Tang Dynasty made it its               capital

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became the                   prototype for all Chinese cities, including the prototype for Beijing

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wall of Chang-An

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5KM by 6KM

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had 11 gates

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central axes that led to the emperor's palace

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city had a grid plan

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two markets near the gates of the city

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many               temples scattered throughout the city, almost one on every block

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modern day Xian occupies only about one-third of the original city of Chang-An

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remains want of the few walled cities in the world with gates in their original locations

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the diversity of blocks within the grid is maintained

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              Beijing shows the unmistakable elements of Chang-An

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12th and 13th centuries in Europe

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much money spent on                             fortifications

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bastides

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                    Montpazier, France is one of the best preserved bastide towns

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market square is at the precise center

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town is still largely occupied

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16th century Rome

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real revolution of city design began here

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after the fall of the Empire, Rome fell had fallen into ruins and was almost                 deserted

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because of the ambition of the Popes and the money being collected from all over Europe, Pope Sixtus V provide the impetus

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laid new street connecting major                   monuments

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set the stage for the creation of Peter's Square, one of the greatest achievements in city design in history and the icon of Baroque city planning

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        1666 the Great Fire of London

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sometimes disaster provides the impetus for city design

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unfortunately it was rebuilt pretty much the way it was build before

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but the redesigning process had an impact on city planning in the New World

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        1681 William Penn, Philadelphia

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given large land grant by the King

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Thomas Holme proposed a                 gridiron plan running from the Delaware River to the Schuylkill river

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plots had enough room for people to keep animals within the city

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was thought of as a "Greene Country Towne"

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slow to develop

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20 years after its founding, only a few blocks had been occupied

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took two centuries to fill out the city from river to           river

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Philadelphia's         four squares remain the public centers of its neighborhoods

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1733                 Savannah, Georgia

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Charles Oglethorpe

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a plan where virtually every house faced a             square

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remains today one of the most               livable cities in the country

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1823                 Adelaide, Australia

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Colonel William Light

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similar to Philadelphia

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surrounded it by a           green belt

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1791 Washington

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the national capital that replaced Philadelphia

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laid out by Charles L'            Enfant

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grid-iron plan

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blocks that varied whether they were commercial areas or                       residential blocks

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later recast as the city                   beautiful movement in America

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cities are often modified throughout history

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Rome by Sextus V

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Paris by Baron                   Haussmann

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American cities through           urban renewal in the 1970s and 1980s