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artists and intellectuals say the Great War both as

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1. bringing something to an end

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European civilization

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2. an opportunity for something new

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an alternative future

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Zurich

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a microcosm of these different attitudes

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James Joyce is writing Ulysses

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1904–20: Trieste and Zurich

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Hugo Ball

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1916, created the Dada Manifesto

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co-founder of the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich,

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1920, settled in Zurich

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Stefan Zweig

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born in Vienna

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Zweig studied philosophy at the University of Vienna and in 1904 earned a doctoral degree with a thesis on "The Philosophy of Hippolyte Taine", religion did not play a central role in his education. "My mother and father were Jewish only through accident of birth."

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in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most popular writers in the world

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sees the Great War as the destruction of the old world

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Lenin

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sees the war as an opportunity

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"Socialism and War"

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has an aggression on two fronts

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1. against the imperial powers that be

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2. toward other socialists

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more venomous than what he has to say about imperial powers

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feels other socialists have betrayed the socialist cause

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in Zurich, in a neutral country, the refugees and intellectuals of the war are observing the world in flames around them

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July crisis

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after assassination attempt of Archducke Ferdinand

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attempt in Brussels to bring together the second international

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Second International (1889–1916)

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the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labor parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889

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brought together the social parties in Europe

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to confirm what they agreed upon in 1912, that in case of war, the socialist parties would call out a strike

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but what happened was that the socialist parties of various nations rallied around their national causes

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the idea of defensive war is rejected by Lenin

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this brings to an end the Second International

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Lenin

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the patriotic, nationalistic contamination of socialism

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war is a continuation of politics by another means, and by this he means capitalism and the imperial powers

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Europe is at the last stage of imperialism after the colonization of the world

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now it is a kind of infighting among the bourgeois

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there is nothing progressive, it is a war for the progression of suppression of the proletariat

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one of the first to see WWI in terms of European imperialism

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war was necessary for capitalist expansion

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Lenin had studied Clausewitz

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war becomes for Lenin civil war, and civil war is class conflict

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whereas for Clausewitz it had been between states

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for Lenin, war now become social revolution

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lays the framework for anti-colonialists struggles through the 20th century

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this is very different from Clausewitz which was about territorial gain

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Lenin is much more radical

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the liberation of the proletariat depends on the destruction of the capitalist system

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this is Lenin's sense of "the enemy has to be destroyed" a total war, unlike Clausewitz