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by the 1890's, this second process of industrialization showed resistance

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with great expansion came great turmoil

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a coexistence of dynamism with crisis

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the 1890s was a decade that fused together expansion with turmoil

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from people deployed on factory lines

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the assembly line was probably not something Karl Marx could have imagined

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it was not something he forecasted for capitalism

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he thought the working class would be a new kind of working class which overthrows capitalism and creates communism

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it's true that factory workers pooled themselves together in international groups

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1880s the process of unionization

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tried to negotiate better terms of employment with employers and magnates at the top

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demanded the rights to organize at all, to become a trade union itself

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a source of a great deal of tension between employers and employees

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the struggle over what would become collective bargaining began

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strikes swept across the world

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as industrialization fans out, so does the pattern of resistance

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an example in which the world was shrinking

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not just resistance in the core of industrialization, but also in the peripheries of the system

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globalization was reaching its apex of reach

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Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890

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between U.S. military troops and Lakota Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota

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resulted in the deaths of 300 Sioux men, women, and children

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the last major resistance against the expansion of the United States in the late 19th century

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in other areas of the world

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Chile: Mapuche uprising of 1881

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major rebellion of the indigenous Mapuches of Araucanía

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took place during the last phase of the Occupation of Araucanía (1861–1883) by the Chilean state

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Argentina: the Conquest of the Desert (1870s)

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a military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s with the intent to establish Argentine dominance over Patagonia

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Roca after the campaign would go on to become the president of the Argentine Republic

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Brazil: Suppression of Canudos (1896-7)

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a conflict between the state of Brazil and a group of some 30,000 settlers

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had founded their own community in the Northeastern state of Bahia, named Canudos

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after a number of unsuccessful attempts at military suppression, it came to a brutal end in October 1897

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a large Brazilian army force overran the village and killed nearly all the inhabitants

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villagers did not want to be incorporated into the international system

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the 1890s was a decade that say violent repression in many parts of the world

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in order to finalize the process of the incorporation of the peripheries

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villages were used to their subsistence, communally oriented livelihoods

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while the vocabulary of freedom was important for explaining the new logic in comparison to the mercantile age

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yet freedom coexisted with coercion

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there was a sense that the pattern of expansion could not last

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The Panic of 1873

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financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879

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longer in some countries

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in Britain it started two decades of stagnation known as the "Long Depression" that weakened the country's economic leadership

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The Panic of 1896

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an acute economic depression in the United States that was less serious than other panics of the era

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precipitated by a drop in silver reserves and market concerns on the effects it would have on the gold standard

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mass unemployment

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factories shut down while the world dealt with this

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the back-lands was getting used up

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Frederick Jackson Turner

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went to Chicago to celebrate the 400th Christopher Columbus anniversary

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the World Fair

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gave a speech 1893

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"the American Frontier is now closed"

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pointed to census data that there was suddenly no more land to be had, which was not technically correct but was portentous

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ask the question: where were the next frontiers going to come from, where was the new expansive power of the capitalist system going to come from

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the United States was exceptional because it had a frontier

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we were becoming an old world society

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essay: "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

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The Frontier Thesis

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the moving western frontier shaped American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890

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there was a need for new lands and new resources

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a fear of competition between rising powers

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this motivates a scramble outwards

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the Europeans and the Canadians, Americans, and Argentines

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responded to this paradoxical combination of having plenty and having anxiety

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pushed out into the rest of the world

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a new round of imperial expansion

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not unlike the one uncorked in the 16th century

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in this way, the second industrial revolution spurred another spasm of empire