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World War I was not just a war but an event in history that changed the ideas of how to organize these modern, industrial societies, and during the war, this took the form of moving the warring countries, some more than others, toward total states

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the war was absolutely devastating, more than any other war people could remember, on a scale no one had ever experienced

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the idea of 100,000 and millions of chemical explosions going off is giving a different feel for warfare

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one of the horrors of some of the soldiers is that they would be caught in a shell hole full of water, they couldn't crawl out of it because the sides would be too slippery, and they would find themselves drowning in the water polluted by their dead comrades

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painting: Gassed, by John Singer Sargeant

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total states

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states were looking to turn whole governments into large factories of war in which they could control all necessary materials, production and logistics

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money

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gold standard is given up by most countries, but not the United States, in fact, as a result of World War 1 the United States, which had been a net debtor country, had become a net creditor by 1919

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coming off the gold standard created hyperinflation such as in Germany

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resources

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take increasing control of farms, wheat, bread, cotton, during war time, the control needed would not be possible on the free market

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factories

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take over factories that make cans and convert the to creating shells

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manpower

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don't have enough people to fill out all the armies and factories, they can't rely on the free market to find people who want to create e.g. ammunition for a low enough price

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WWI because a laboratory for the creation of total states

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changes popular culture

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England

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war posters: Are you in this? Everyone had their role to play

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Germany

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war-time poster: all extra metals you have you have to give to the government

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everyone becomes servants of the state

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before the war, socialist groups had shared links to other socialist groups in other countries, the war shattered much of this

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national tradition

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people holding out for older traditions are going to be beaten by this war

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this is a war in which modernizers will come out on top

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large land owners are finding that their estates are being confiscated or deployed for the war effort

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liberalism

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one liberal ideal from the 19th century was to keep the government small, this is something that the war changed in bloating governments in order to run the war efforts

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liberal parties do not fair well in this war

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Russia

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ruled by a party that stood for national tradition, that monarchy could not survive the war

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Britain

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ruled by the liberal party, by 1917 a faction of the liberal party ready for total war led by Lloyd George will rule in combination with the national conservatives also devoted to a big government effort to win the war

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Germany

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a peculiar empire with its noble lead at the top, its divided ruling structures, its divided politics, is giving way to a total state in which the Kaiser is more and more relinquishing rule to the military to unify the country for total war

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United States

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city and state governments were growing but the federal government had remained quite small throughout the 19th century, but during WWI, the federal government had to take on new authorities, over farm production, farm prices, and conscripting man power

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correct:

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amunition

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ammunition