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late 19th century reform and adaptation

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many projects to create new nations

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sometimes creating new nations out of old empires

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Persia

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Egypt

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Lebanon

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Syria

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a new vocabulary for describing political communities

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a collection of faiths, languages, and families governing on the ground

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imagining a nation was not the only respond to political pressures

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the pan-movements

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many began to imagine political communities which transcended nations

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pan-African movement

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not all ideas translate in the nation-state

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pan-Islam

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argued that they spoke for all believers

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a nostalgia for a time when all members of a belief cohabited under one sacred roof

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integrated by faith, not by language, nation, ethnicity, not even geography

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to be ruled by a sultan or a latter-day caliph

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calling for the defense of Islam against the expanding Christian leaders

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Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī (1839–1897)

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important mystic arguing for a this different model of utopia

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claimed to be an Afghani

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in fact he was from Iran

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didn't want to be identified as a Shiite

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1884 moved to Paris

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began publishing an Arabic newspaper in Paris entitled al-Urwah al-Wuthqa, "The Indissoluble Link"

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called for a return to the original principles and ideals of Islam, and for greater unity among Islamic peoples

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an alternative vision of what politics might look like in the Islamic world

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hearkening back to older models of dynasty

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Al-Quaida

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sought to redeem an older, universal ideal

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Zionism

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unlike pan-Islam, Zionists had no state

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they had a nation of Jews

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but nowhere on the globe could you find a Jewish state

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that had been eradicated from the time of the Roman Empire

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the idea was one of return

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a return to a homeland called Zion, lost in previous millennia

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a social and political act to remedy the problems of being a minority in a diaspora

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facing rising nationalism

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Russian nationalism in the 1880s and its pogroms

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a place where they might project their idea of a nation which would return Jews to an ancient homeland

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this experience of being stateless in someone else's state nurtured Zionism

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to return home, required creating a home

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most Jews lived scattered around the world

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ideology precedes and created reality

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just as in pan-Islam, it begins with major, prophetic figures

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Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795-1874)

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was an Orthodox German rabbi who expressed views in favor of the Jewish re-settlement of the Land of Israel

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taking on messianic qualities

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Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)

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an Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer

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one of the fathers of modern political Zionism

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formed the World Zionist Organization and promoted Jewish migration to Palestine in an effort to form a Jewish state

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seen as a kind of latter-day, secular Moses leading his people back home

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the Hebrew language is a new language

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it existed only as one would read in the Bible and sacred texts

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his message had to appeal to the many international Jews

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we will find our moral bearing by farming the Holy Land again

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many settlers began to return to Palestine, which was a province of the Ottoman Empire

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began to buy up land from the native Arab populations

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by 1914 some 60,000 Jews had returned and began to buy up, mainly the coastal lands of what is now Israel

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we see around Jerusalem an envisioning of rival models of a homeland for a people who had been bereft of a state

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they wanted a state carved out of the precincts of an ancient empire

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land will become the focal point for tensions for the incumbent and incoming groups in Palestine