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the state of the world in 1945

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countries that have been completely defeated

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Germany

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ideologies that have been completely discredited

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Nazism

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Fascism

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millions of people displaced

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from their homes

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Jews of Europe migrating to Palestine, a territory under control of a British government mandate

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dreams that have been deferred for a long time

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1945 elected a labor government

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was seen as time to build a new country that had been neglected them through years of depression and war

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lonely pilgrims

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they are lonely because they don't have large institutions or large political parties, just a handful of people in several clusters trying to imagine a new country

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Burma

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they are trying to think of the new country they are going to build

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China

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Nationalist government has been badly bludgeoned by the war with the Japanese

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Mao Zedong

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his Chinese communists have been fighting the Japanese

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India

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Nehru and Gandhi

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simple clothes

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trained in the elite British school system

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able to function capably in both worlds, East and West

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Indonesia

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formerly Dutch East Indies

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independence movement led by Sukarno

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problems of nation building

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what are the borders?

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Batavia (Jakarta) is capital

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a very large are of geography

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very different places and ethnic identities

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Islam strong on island of Java

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should it include Borneo?

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what are their ladders of success?

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they are living in environments designed by the colonial powers they are trying to overthrow

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they are climbing a ladder that ends up leading to Paris or London, but actually they are trying to reach a level in a different kind of community that they are trying to create

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what models are these leaders looking to?

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democracies

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is it appealing?

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is it too hard?

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communisms

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seem to be able to take a large mass of poor people and make them pretty strong and independent pretty quickly

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communism has a strong anti-imperialist rhetoric

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anti-communists who think democracy is unappealing or too hard

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many Muslims

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deeply religious but the doctrine of communism scorns religion

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but not interested in democracy because of their religion

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difficult to look toward Turkey, because it had ostentatiously pointed itself toward secularism, limiting the role of Islam

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a pan-Arab ideology was popular

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ideologies

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identity and narrative

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we are on a journey going from here to here to here

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vocabularies

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words and phrases that other people will understand and recognize

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policy programs

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recipes to build your country

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1930s

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Social Democrats rise

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1945

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Fascism is profoundly discredited

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Italy and Germany both in ruins

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Japan was flirting with a kind of Holy Fascism ideology, also in ruins

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Fascism now doesn't seem to extend beyond Franco's Spain

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Communism strong

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Social Democracy strong

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new countries taking these family of ideas to create their own

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social democracy

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countercyclical macroeconomics

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the notion that we can influence supply and demand with governmental action

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a strong role in government management of the economy

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John Maynard Keynes

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social insurance

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provide people with more personal security in their lives

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government in partnership with labor

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big government supports big corporations and big unions

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Walther Reuther, president of United Auto Workers

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powerful union offsetting the big three auto manufacturers: Ford, Chrysler, General Motors

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rebuild global economy

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distinctive vision between United States with England

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money 1.0 = old gold standard

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money 2.0 = gold-dollar standard

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instead of relying on a finite amount of metal, you rely on a finite amount of metal linked to paper called dollars

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dollars became a hard currency on which people could set exchange rates

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Bretton Woods Conference, 1944

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730 delegates from 44 Allied nations

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Harry Dexter White

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American treasury official

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accused of being sympathetic and being an active agent for the Soviet Union

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sympathetic to the big government, managed economy approach of the Soviet Union

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Keynes

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the Bretton Woods system is about very managed economies with big governments

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United States supported free trade

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but carefully regulated the movement of money across borders

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not like the monetary system we have today

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World Bank and United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)

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for governments to have a bank to help other countries

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saved hundreds of thousands of lives distributing assistance to people in need