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Malay

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how the transformation of agrarian hinterlands upsets and changes the lives and livelihoods of a sedentary peasantry

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tigers had been the subject of important ritual hunts

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tigers have been for centuries a sacred animal for the Malayan

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an icon of noble savagery

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the gods would often take on great feline features

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hunting was a ritual event

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for men to display their masculinity

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the traditional hunt was the chasing down of the great cat

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it was a hunt, not a slaughter

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humans coexisted with the tiger

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depended on them

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their real pest was the wild boar

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the tiger kept the number of wild boars down

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similar to Comanche and Buffalo

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the threat to the tiger came from land

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boar and deer would roam, eat plants

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became prey for tigers

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this was the land that Europeans wanted to use for crops

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this would eliminate the food source of tigers

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tigers consume large amounts of food

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stock and ambush predators

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rely on element of surprise

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don't eat their prey in one meal

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needs many deer and boar to keep a tiger alive

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tiger needed much land

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1860s tipping point

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the opening of the Suez Canal

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now Europeans could treat the frontiers in Southeast Asia in the same way as in the Americas

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Sumatra

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Mamak tribespeople

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clearing Sumatra for

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palm oil plantations

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rice paddies

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sugar

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coffee

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1913, Indonesia the 7th largest producer of coffee in the world

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the agriculture took on an export-led grown model

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single-crop plantations

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the end to diversified agriculture

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those that lost in this transformation

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village tribes people

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Malayan tigers

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wiped out from Bali

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rare in Java and Sumatra