EDWARD'S LECTURE NOTES:
More notes at http://tanguay.info/learntracker
C O U R S E
Designing Cities
Gary Hack, University of Pennsylvania
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C O U R S E L E C T U R E Cities in the Industrial Revolution Notes taken on October 13, 2014 by Edward Tanguay |
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while every city before the Industrial Revolution had a different location and culture, pre-industrial cities also had a lot in common
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if a resident of 5th century BC Athens were transported to London in 1750, the difference would have been amazing but still understandable
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sailing boats
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horse drawn carts
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buildings only a few stories high
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but if you transport the same person from 5th century BC Athens to any modern city in the 20th century, his experience of taxis, asphalt, street lights, noise, cars, trains, planes, and skyscrapers would be bewildering
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the way we live in cities in our modern age has little similarity to how humans have lived in towns and cities for the past 3000 years.
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big changes in cities
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began in the 1700s
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because of the new international trading patterns that had been developing since the Middle Ages
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the deep transformational changes in cities over the last 250 years is tightly aligned with the development of capitalism and the industrial revolution
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in the 17th and 18th centuries, population growth began to rise rapidly in Europe
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Gdansk
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one of the first international trading cities
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London
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at one point the world's leading trade metropolis
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increase in wealth for some
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crowded living conditions for many
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18th century cities
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London
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Portsmouth
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crowded, trading metropolises
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some the size of modern cities
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1760 London 740,000
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had none of the amenities which we take for granted
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police
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fire departments
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running water
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sewers
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turn of 19th century
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urbane, fashionable houses in West end of London
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because of wealth created by trade
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still cows and livestock very close
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first industrial buildings
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factories for making cloths
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driven by water power
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not located in the cities at all
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almost always upstream from major cities which were built around ports
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e.g. New Lanark, Scotland, upstream from Glasgow
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used waterfall to turn a water wheel
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ancient technology
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canals
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in the past had connected bodies of water
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in the industrial age, connected factory towns directly to the open sea or to other port towns
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this system worked until replaced by railroads
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the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes and the developing West
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major reason why New York pulled ahead of Boston and Philadelphia as a major transportation hub
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locks
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canals changed elevation by using locks
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Erie Canal in Lockport
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steam engine
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first were used to pump water out of mines
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1807 Robert Fulton put a steam powered boat The Clermont on the Hudson
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1825 George Stevenson was first to put a steam engine on rails, Stockton and Darlington
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1830 first passenger line from Liverpool to Manchester
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railroad technology in the 19th century was adopted as quickly as computer technology in our own time
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between 1830 and 1860 railroad networks were completed in most European countries and in the United States
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France was relatively slow
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by the 1850s, trains could run at 60 to 70 miles per hour
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railroads completely changed cities along the line
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trips that took days could now be completed in hours
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widened the trading area of cities
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intensified development in city centers around the train station
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1869 Transcontinental Railroad
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travel time across the country was reduced from six months to six days
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cities along the railroad such as Omaha and San Francisco
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steam engine also allowed factories to move from places with water power to cities
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where the customers were
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more people began to move to cities in order to work in the factories
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railroad led to intensification of development
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trains, factories and smoke become prominent in the city
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once you got off the train, you were back to the means of pre-industrial transportation: walking, riding a horse, or riding in a horse-drawn conveyance
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1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
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deadliest industrial disaster of New York City
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killed 146 garment workers, most immigrant women ages 16 to 23
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became a call for reform
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tall buildings
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a characteristic of cities formed by the Industrial Revolution
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made possible by:
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the elevator
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mass production of steel
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the ability to make large sheets of glass
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accessibility from a larger geographical area by street cars and trains
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first tall buildings
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Lower Manhattan
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Chicago within the Loop
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typical development of American city, e.g. Kansas City
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1840 before railroad came, it was one of a cluster of small villages, others included:
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Independence
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Westport
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gateway to Sante Fe trail
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wagon trains set off here for the west
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1869 after arrival of railroads
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streets laid out
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quick development
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1880s streetcars led to suburbs away from the industrial pollution of the city's center
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1906 5-story buildings, electric streetcars, some early automobiles