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the birth of nations, like the United States, perhaps the first nation, was the effect of global, imperial crises, not the cause of it

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colonies had built up first national identity and they want to be free from their colonial masters

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the story of the freedom of the United States and the separation from the British Empire has family resembles to other theaters around the world

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the English were not the only empire dealing with internal conflicts and a global crisis of the fiscal military state

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imperial powers were plunging themselves into a situation where they could not fiscally maintain the colonist land grab which pitted themselves against each other

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the French had not only lost the Seven Years War but they had gone out and bankrolled the American colonists' separation from England which led to intense debt problems

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the debt problem was so big that Louis the XVI that he called the Estates General together to talk about ideas to reduce the debt

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broke open a debate on the same topic that concerned the American colonists: no taxation without representation

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regimes built up over centuries now gets brought into these issues

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how to harness resources from the people to support this escalation of costs to support the colonists

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18th century, a new kind of total war

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war to the death of regimes and entire peoples

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later in the 19th century, the concept of "ethnic cleansing" comes about

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people bound themselves together as a nation

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duty-bound to defend that nation against external or internal threat

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total war is a new form of imperial war

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Napoleon capitalizes on this movement and mobilizes "the French people" to uphold certain concepts against other regimes

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in the west against Spain

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a war between peoples, not between kingdoms anymore

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in the east against Russia, after 1814

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begins to shake up geo-political relations around the world

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theaters of this new kind of total war

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Peninsular Wars

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as the French army moved into Spain and got bogged down

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this became a war of peoples against peoples

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Goya's paintings

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the people, themselves become the exercising of mass, political violence

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Egypt

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54,000 troops to Egypt

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with a retinue of archeologists, scientists, artists, and writers

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Napolean knew by this stage that if you were going to go to war, let's write about it, let's create epics as we're going along, this was a PR opportunity

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won series of battles in Italy

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wants to cut off the route that British use as access to India

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the prize colony of the British Empire

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take advantage of what is perceived to be a weak Ottoman force

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believed that France needed new imperial foundations

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not colonies

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but liberated territories

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why Egypt?

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"Great reputations are only made in the Orient because Europe is too small."

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success against the Mamluk armies

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Mamluk dynasty of Iraq (1704–1831, under Ottoman Iraq)

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the battle of the pyramids

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led to collecting and gathering of materials that would be shipped back to France

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did not lead to a French toe hold in the Middle east

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in fact, set into motion a debate in the Middle East

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how the Ottomann Empire was going to respond to the threat of the French by reinventing itself as a nation

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1803: Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States

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1804: lost Saint-Domingue

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500,000 African slaves toiled on the plantations

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when the French Revolution erupts in the name of representation and the universality of rights and the idea that all people are born free

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slaves said: why not us?

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why are we exempt from these universal laws

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1792 slaves in Saint-Domingue claimed these rights for themselves

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an insurrection over membership in the political community

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by 1800, island in full slave revolt

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1804, the insurrectionists declared their freedom

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not without a horrible violence and desecration of bodies

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result was a cascade on the slave trade

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Europeans began to debate the legality and justification of the slave trade

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1807

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Britain banned the slave trade

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U.S. outlawed the importation of slaves

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the old models of commercial networks that held the Atlantic world together were beginning to break up

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Iberian empires

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Napoleon after losing Louisiana and Haiti set sights on Iberia

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invaded Spain and Portugal

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colonies in Latin America participated in discussion of who got rights in these socially stratified colonies

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Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)

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"The Liberator"

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like George Washington against the British, led a series of campaigns against Spanish armies

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a war within a war

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realized that the only way to win this war against the Spanish was to begin to free the slaves

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not just free them but give them weapons to fight and give them rights

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1821-1822 breakaway of the colonies from their Spanish and Portuguese motherlands

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flashcard

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government in Iraq that Napoleon fought against

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Mamluk dynasty of Iraq (1704–1831, under Ottoman Iraq)