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Woodrow Wilson had talked about a peace without victory

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popular vision for a world exhausted by war

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but if you were e.g. France where the Germans had largely destroyed your country, you may not be for this vision

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problems that peace makers faced

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five empires collapsed between 1912 and 1922

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Qing Empire

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The Qing dynasty that had ruled China since 1644 was over

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China was turning into a place of anarchy and warlords

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German Empire

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Hohenzollern dynasty that had ruled Prussia for centuries was over

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Kaiser goes into exile in Holland

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Austrian Empire

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Hapsburg dynasty that had ruled central Europe for centuries was over

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Ottoman Empire

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had ruled much Southeast Asia and parts of Europe for centuries

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last Sultan abdicates at end of the war

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Russian Empire

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Romonov dynasty that had ruled Russia for centuries was over

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if five empires have disappeared, what takes their place and how does this affect the peace process

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who is in charge?

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by what principles are the people going to be ruled?

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much score settling going on

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there are treaties to decide the fate of Germany and Austria, etc., many people see these treaties as failures

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war ended suddenly so there was not much time to plan the treaties

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how much to break up Germany

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Poland reinstated and given an outlet to the see and the city of Danzig being administered by the League of Nations

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German gives up Alsace and Lorraine provinces which it had taken from France in Franco-Prussian war of 1871

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the industrial area of Germany placed under strict limits to prevent it from building up military agains

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Austro-Hungarian Empire

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divided up into a new set of component state

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Romania, which came out on the Allied side, is particularly enlarged, and included many Austrians

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Yugoslavia: a mixture of "south slavs"

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national principle

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how far to you take a national principle, should every state be ethnically pure or how pure does it need to be or what laws need to be in place to prevent tensions within in

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Treaty of Sèvres

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Peace treaty of 1920 which partitioned the Ottoman Empire, giving Greece part of the mainland of Turkey, annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.

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League of Nations

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goals

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preventing wars through collective security and disarmament

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settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration

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lacked armed forces

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largely failed as it did not prevent WWII

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replaced by UN after WWII

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in effect said to the French: you look after Syria until they are ready to run their country themselves

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China

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1921-1922

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three treaties

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political relationships of great powers

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arms control treaty which regulates the size of the great powers

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Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948)

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was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson

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later chief justice of Supreme Court

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future of China

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1922: all powers respect the territory of China

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Japan had Korea as colony

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Japanese withdrew from mainland China

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after-war skirmishes

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Polish–Soviet War (1919-1921)

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Poland's Chief of State, Józef Pilsudski, felt the time was right to expand Polish borders as far east as feasible

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Lenin, meanwhile, saw Poland as the bridge the Red Army had to cross to assist other communist movements and bring about other European revolutions

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By 1919, Polish forces had taken control of much of Western Ukraine

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Hungarian communist revolution, and counter revolution to destroy it

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revolutions in Germany

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disorder throughout Eastern Europe

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)

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Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1922)

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sought to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation-state

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thousands of new schools were built, primary education was made free and compulsory, while the burden of taxation on peasants was reduced

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despite his radical secular reforms, Atatürk remained broadly popular in the Muslim world

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remembered for being the creator of a new, fully independent Muslim country at a time of encroachment by Christian powers, and for having prevailed in a struggle against Western imperialism

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Atatürk became a model of how a country can fight back against imperial powers, modernize itself, and at the same time have its own issues including ethnic cleansing against the Greeks and Armenians