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Second Persian War

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479 BC: ended with the battles of Plataea and Mycale

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a general sense of euphoria among the Greeks

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three practical results from this war

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1. the Persian threat was effectively at an end

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2. a sense of Greek unity, at least briefly

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Greek states made an offering at Delphi

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a column commemorating this was taken from Delphi to Istanbul by Emperor Constantine

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inscription: these fought the war, and listed all of the Greek poleis which fought

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a short-lived sense of Greek political unity

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a major ideological shift

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a distinction between Greek and not-Greek, or as the Greeks called them: barbarians

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barbarians simply don't speak Greek, mainly, the Persians

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Athens and Sparta emerge as the two dominant, hegemonic poleis

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two of the heroes of the Persian Wars

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1. Pausanias [Παυσανίας], died 470 BC

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Spartan general

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victory at Plataea and the Battle of Mycale

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a scion of the royal house of the Agiads but was not in the direct line of succession

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gain enormous prestige from victory

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went up to the north-east in the area of Byzantium for mopping up operations

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acted very arrogant

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was "going native", began to wear Persian clothing

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Greeks under his command, especially the Ionians, were very put off by this

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recalled to Sparta, disciplined, sent out again, recalled again

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escaped capture by the ephors, Spartans chased him, brought him out so he wouldn't pollute the temple, and he died shortly thereafter

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2. Themistocles

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new breed of non-aristocratic politicians

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checkered career

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Spartans proposed that cities north of Peloponnese remain unwalled as sign of Greek unity

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Athenians thought this was not a good idea

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Themistocles went to Sparta and stalled while he sent messages back to Athens to build walls back up

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Spartans send embassy up but were detained

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not a good beginning after war with Persians

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encouraged to Athenians to build up navy

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471 BC enemies got him ostracized

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nine years after his victory at Salamis

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went to Persia

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became an advisor of Greek affairs and died there

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these two are emblematic of what happens to many Greek leaders at this time

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can't be sure that Persia won't come back

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Pausanias behavior alienated the allies

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they got together and asked the Athenians a defense alliance

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Delian League

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478 BC Greeks formed a league

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centered on island of Delos

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sacred to Apollo and Artemis

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their birth place

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where their mother Leto had gone to give birth

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pan-hellenic sanctuary

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Greeks from many places came to worship

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had a long Athenian connection

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6th century BC: Tyrant Pisistratus

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overseen a purification of the island

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moved graves away from central shrine

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often represented as a palm tree

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French archeologists have been digging there for a long time

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many ancient ruins

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lion colonnade

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league assembly in which each of the states had an equal vote

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each state could determine its political course

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provide some kind of annual support

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ships

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on loan to the league

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would return to parent state

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money

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maintained on Delos

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used to build ships

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one reason why Themistocles suggested a navy

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keep the East Aegean a Persian-free zone

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this was a prelude to Athenian domination

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large conceptual change

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no longer the old war of hoplites

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their own armor

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dealed for a brief time with a temporary threat

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no the navy was kept on constant patrol

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keep Persians away

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collect intelligence

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manned by sailors who had full-time jobs

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navy is economically very costly

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a new way of thinking about the individual to the larger Greek community

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and the relationship between individual and warfare

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developed into an Athenian empire