EDWARD'S LECTURE NOTES:
More notes at http://tanguay.info/learntracker
C O U R S E
A History of the World since 1300
Jeremy Adelman, Princeton University
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C O U R S E L E C T U R E The Train, the Rifle, and the Industrial Revolution Notes taken on August 10, 2015 by Edward Tanguay |
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the global upheavals that happening in the mid 19th century were part of a global economic process
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result of changes that began to intensify
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a shift in the world from interconnected to interdependent
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societies which were able to take care of themselves were now increasingly dependent on other societies
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societies are not just in contact with each other, they're not even just influencing each other, they have become dependent upon each other
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two drivers in this process of global interdependence
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1. the effects of the Industrial Revolution had as it rippled around the world
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the deepening of the Industrial Revolution transformed the global division of labor
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gives rises to new economies that define their existence and prosperity on the ability to export goods for European consumption
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local artisans in China, France, in many places will face competition
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2. the expansion of new frontiers
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the combination of markets and financial resources began to penetrate the hinterlands of the world
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protests
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protests occur when there are abrupt and perceived changes in mobility patterns
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particularly as people become suddenly downwardly mobile
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or there is a rise in social uncertainty about how people are going to meet their needs
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don't necessarily give rise to unrest
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necessary conditions but not sufficient conditions for unrest
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it needs the break in a political system
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allows for the social discontent to arise to the surface
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the prophets of Taiping experienced a crises in the nature of the Chinese state
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technological changes
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had multiplier effects on the Industrial Revolution
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these revolutions are not instant and have ripple effects
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there were a whole set of cultural forces that led to revolutions and technological innovations intensified them
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1. immobile steam engine
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burn coal, boil water, drive piston cylinders
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1769 Watt (inventor) and Boulton (industrialist), Steam Engine
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a coalition of tinkers and investors
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applied to stationary machinery
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manufacturing
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cotton mill
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the proportion of machinery to men, increases what a man can produce
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allows cotton textiles to be sold to larger markets
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but you needed cotton
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rejuvenates economy of United States South
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especially after 1803 with Louisiana Purchase, new lands, new capabilities
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expansion of cotton production in South is connected to Industrial Revolution in Europe
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India as well, exported cotton to Great Britain
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transformed villages from self-sustaining entities to entities for producing export
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increasing distinction between societies which produce goods for export to manufacturing countries, and those who produce goods for manufacture
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2. immobile steam engine
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if an engine could move, it could also pull
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enabled people to move into the hinterlands around the world
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collapsed the difference between interiors and coastlines
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to integrate these areas into the global marketplace
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until 1850, canals and roads were most important
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after 1850, railroad production takes off
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railways KM opened, 1850 to 1875,
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US: 14,000 to 119,000 ***
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Britain: 10,000 to 23,000
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Germany: 6,000 to 28,000
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Canada: 100 to 7,000
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India: 30 to 10,000
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Russia: 500 to 19,000
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just the beginning of a new era of integration
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societies get reoriented by these technologies
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3. changes in weaponry
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Napoleonic Wars were last large-scale wars that were fought with muskets
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a smooth (not spiral) bore picture
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musket had problem short range and low accuracy
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cumbersome and slow
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Industrial Revolution transformed the lethality of warfare
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total war and global war would change dramatically
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rifle
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development of the rifle as a more precise and economic way of building weapons
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had spiral bore
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greater accuracy
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increased velocity
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initially
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slow to load and hence confined initially to hunting
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muzzle loading as well (from mouth of gun)
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because of the nature of the barrel, harder
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hard to produce because of the spiral barrel
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but Industrial Revolution's ability to mass produce objects becomes better and better
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many innovations in 1840s led to the mass production of rifles in 1850s with an increasing rate of fire
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cylindrical bullet
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interchangeable parts
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easier to manufacture
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U.S.: Springfield
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Britain: Enfield