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triangular system of the Atlantic world

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Africa, Europe and the Americas

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new models of colonies which augment this circulation

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exploitation of labor and natural resources

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this also began to change the relation between Europe and the rest of Eurasia

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Indonesia

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Batavia

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a fortification with command over one of the great harbors of the new age

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Chinese and Portuguese traders meet

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majority population of Javanese and minority of Dutch rulers constructed a Baroque city in south-each Asia

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an American-style colony: to extract staples as commodities for other people's consumption

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Banda Islands

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volcanic, rich soils

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forest cut down to produce furniture and ships for Europeans to be exported back to Europe

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in place of forests, plantations were set up: nutmeg, mace, commercially produced spice

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native population, like that of the Caribbean, was almost completely wiped out

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Dutch recruited slaves from rest of Southeast Asia to work

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a booming Pacific slave trade to sustain this Dutch colony

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the creation of a Baroque world that changed our palates: sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves

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traded with the Spanish doubloon made from silver extracted from Peru

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Old to new spice trade

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Arab merchants were in control of the transaction of spices whose surplus of spices could be put into commercial networks that would send these spices around Afroeurasia

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as the Dutch take over, what used to be a luxury and preciosity, becomes a commodity

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what Asia offered to the European palette

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ways to embellish drab foods

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1500s: Indian Ocean was already a system of transaction and trade and merchant courts

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choke points in this system were special ports, entrepôt, mercantile cities of many faiths, languages and nationalities

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most prevalent language Arabic, most common belief system was Islam

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dependent on trade

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e.g. Ancient Hormuz

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southern point of Iran at Strait of Hormuz

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no access to fresh water

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port of Aden

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southern Yemen

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no arable land

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all food had to be imported

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Muslim traders had control of these ports from Indonesia to the Red Sea and Alexandria

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created powerful merchant classes

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made deals with Ottomans, who were sending out large expeditions and fleet

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also with princes of Moghul, India (Mughal Empire, 1526-1857)

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1556-1707 spread of Mughal Empire

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create polities

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pact behind this dynamism

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while merchants would produce rents for private wealth, this could be turned into revenues through taxes for states thriving off the backs of this commercial system