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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
The Aeneid as Roman National Identity Narrative<\/a><\/div>
...Virgil (70BC-19BC) - major works: Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid - Aeneid is the national epic of ancient Rome - influenced Divine Comedy - lives tumultuous times- 70BC: Roman Empire is emerging - has many different groups which it has brought under its sway - Romans were rightfully amazed at their own powers - now controlling power in the Mediterranean - what does it mean to...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
Calvin et la Bible<\/a><\/div>
...la pens\u00e9e th\u00e9ologique de Jean Calvin - il est centr\u00e9 l'interpr\u00e9tation et la pr\u00e9dication du message biblique - la moiti\u00e9 du corpus de Calvin consiste en ses sermons- comment consid\u00e8re Calvin la Bible - l'accent sur l'utilit\u00e9 de la Bible - c'est l'\u00c9criture toute enti\u00e8re qui compte pour Calvin, et pas tel ou tel passage, tel ou tel livre - entre la Nouveau Testament et l'Ancien Tes...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Francis Drake and Mercantilist Wars<\/a><\/div>
...the concentration of power and wealth led to internal sources of disequilibrium - economics on a global scale was nothing new, but mercantalism added a source of financial and dependency disequilibrium - affects not just the relationships between states and merchants but between states and states - a monopoly is that one person gets a right to trade and another party doesn't and the st...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
Myth, History, and Virgil<\/a><\/div>
...jumping from Greek to Rome, a very different culture- we learn that the Romans borrow all of the Green myths and change the names and adopt the stories for themselves - there is some truth to that - it is more accurate to say that both Greeks and Romans were working from a common pool of Mediterranean materials which they each put their own spin on - it's not quite right to look at the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
La Gen\u00e8ve de Calvin 1555-1564<\/a><\/div>
...les dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de Calvin \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve: 1555 \u00e0 1564 - Calvin triomphe \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve - on \u00e9lit au Conseil des gens qui sont favorables \u00e0 Calvin - il avait un certain nombre d'adversaires - il sera au fait de son pouvoir, son autorit\u00e9 - il \u00e9tait le leader de politique de Gen\u00e8ve - il n'a jamais exerc\u00e9 le moindre pouvoir politique; toute son autorit\u00e9 est une autorit\u00e9 intellectuelle et...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
17th Century Interdependence of Trade and Investment<\/a><\/div>
...increasing distinction between - 1. merchantilist regimes - government relies on social classes to generate pools of wealth and capital that will sustain it (merchants provide revenue to state and buys state bonds which enable the state to build up its military, which protects merchants' monopolies) - 2. agrarian regimes - Mughal India - China - to some extent the Hapsbur...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
La R\u00e9forme de Calvin et l'instruction<\/a><\/div>
...l'instruction - la construction du coll\u00e8ge durera 3 ans de 1559 \u00e0 1562 et Calvin a vu ce coll\u00e8ge encore de son vivant - il s'agit de deux d\u00e9partements. - le premier d\u00e9partement \"Scola Privata\" - les petites classes, les gar\u00e7ons, les adolescents, qui pendant sept ans, sont instruits, en fran\u00e7ais, en latin, en grec, en dialectique, et en rh\u00e9torique - cinq professeurs - deux...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
16th and 17th Century Merchant Trading Companies<\/a><\/div>
...the rising pools of wealth and capital in Europe spawned a set of important institutional changes - had a profound effect on the organization of global market places - gave birth to merchant trading companies - The Muscovy Company (1555-1917) - first major chartered joint stock company - monopoly on trade between England and Muscovy (principality centered around Moscow) until ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
L'affaire Servet 1553<\/a><\/div>
...Michael Servetus (1509-1553) - un th\u00e9ologien et m\u00e9decin espagnol - il red\u00e9couvrit la fa\u00e7on dont le sang passe dans les poumons pour s'oxyg\u00e9ner - d\u00e9veloppa un protestantisme radical, refusant notamment le dogme de la Trinit\u00e9, qui lui valut diverses pers\u00e9cutions, dont la condamnation par le Grand Conseil de Gen\u00e8ve \u00e0 \u00eatre br\u00fbl\u00e9 vif pour h\u00e9r\u00e9sie le 27 octobre 1553. - est autant m\u00e9decin ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Kennedy Half Century<\/div>
1953-1960 Kennedy's Legislative Career<\/a><\/div>
...legislative career - made friends with other 69 veterans of WWII elected to congress in 1946 - including young Republican legislator Richard Nixon from California - Nixon's career began to rocket, not Kennedy's - headed up investigation of the House about communist infiltration which led to the arrest of Alger HissAlger Hiss (1904-1996) - American lawyer and governme...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
Construire la R\u00e9forme \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve 1540-1555<\/a><\/div>
...la R\u00e9forme \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve est op\u00e9r\u00e9e par Calvin - retourne \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve au mois de septembre 1541- 1542 r\u00e9daction d'un cat\u00e9chisme - \u00e0 Strausbourg, Calvins cat\u00e9chisme a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 aussi vite qu'il pouvait \u00eatre \u00e9crit - il y a eu de tr\u00e8s nombreuses impressions - ce cat\u00e9chisme qui a form\u00e9 des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations et des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations - il a \u00e9t\u00e9 traduit dans un grand nombre de langues, aussi en latin et grec, e...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
L'\u00e9tape strasbourgeoise 1538-1541<\/a><\/div>
...Calvin a cass\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve en 1538 et il se rendre \u00e0 Strasbourg - plus du double environ, avec ses 22,000 habitants - une ville o\u00f9 l'humanisme a fleuri - S\u00e9bastien Brant (1458-1521) - un humaniste et po\u00e8te satirique - livre: \"La Nef des fous\" illustr\u00e9e par Albrect D\u00fcrer - ce r\u00e9cit versifi\u00e9 recense divers types de folie, brossant le tableau de la condition humaine, sur ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Global Food: European Sugar, Caribbean Plantations, African Slaves<\/a><\/div>
...the explosion of world trade created vast pools of wealth - colonization began the accumulation of resources above what was necessary for societies to subsist or survive - no longer did wealth come from the skimming off of what a village could produce - now societies were being constructed primarily for the production of goods for other societies and specializing in this goods - we...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Historical Definition of Empire<\/a><\/div>
...the main direction of humanity since the agricultural revolution has been global unity - during the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, the world was divided up into small societies each of which was relatively small and simple - as time went by these small and simple societies combined to make larger, more complex societies until today, the entire world became a single, global, interco...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The History of Money<\/a><\/div>
...how does money work? - why have people throughout history been willing to trade e.g. a fertile rice field for a number of coral shells? - why are people willing to work for 8-12 hours a day doing things they don't entirely like in order to get at the end of the month a higher number in a field in a database in their bank? - the reason we do this is that we trust the collective imagination...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Essence of Money<\/a><\/div>
...three main forces that drove humans to unify: money, empires, and universal religions- the history of money - hunters and gathers had no money - each band hunted, gathered, and manufactured almost everything it needed - they didn't buy and sell anything - some members had skills that others did not but they lived in an economy of favors and obligations - e.g. boot repair from one ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
La premier s\u00e9jour \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve 1536-1538<\/a><\/div>
...Calvin \u00e9tait \u00e0 B\u00e2le - 1536 il y publie ce texte \"Institutio Christianae religionis\" - il se rend \u00e0 Ferrare, Italie, mais \u00e0 Ferrare, le climat est malsain pour les \u00e9vang\u00e9liques - il repart \u00e0 B\u00e2le - il voudrait \u00e0 Strausbourg mais il y a la guerre entre la France et l'Empire, et \u00e0 Lorraine, que Calvin voulait traverser, est absolument infranchissable - alors il retrouve \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Kennedy Half Century<\/div>
JFK's Rise to Power<\/a><\/div>
...Kennedy family was combination of immigrant and success story - grandparents on father's side came over after potato famine in Ireland in 19th century - John Kennedy's father Joe Kennedy first one to make it big - in stock market - sensed stock market crash in 1929 and took his money out before if occurred - family was very well set - one of the richest families in America -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
16th Century Colonialism Fueling European Violence<\/a><\/div>
...for all of the European bullying in the Indian Ocean, they had to adapt to existing institutions - gaining access to the supply of goods that they wanted was very complicated - in the rivalry between the European powers, local traders could use this to their advantage and play them against each other - local traders were making money in this business as well - pepper prices were very h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
Calvin est forc\u00e9 de quitter la France<\/a><\/div>
...livre: \"Institution de la religion chr\u00e9tienne\" - un trait\u00e9 de th\u00e9ologie - la somme de la th\u00e9ologie r\u00e9form\u00e9e - 1536 publi\u00e9 d'abord en latin- Calvin jusqu'\u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 27 - nous n'avons que tr\u00e8s peu de sources - son nom \u00e9tait Cauvin en fran\u00e7ais - il grandit avec au moins trois fr\u00e8res et deux s\u0153urs, dans une famille d'artisans bien situ\u00e9s - son p\u00e8re pr\u00e9voit son fils tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t pour...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Direction of Humankind: Global Unity<\/a><\/div>
...while wolf or bee societies are very similar, human societies are very different from one another - even when living in the same environment, human societies have different imagined orders and different social hierarchies- what happened when these societies encountered each other? - various kinds of interactions - war - trade - immigration - religious missionaries- do interac...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
1536: La R\u00e9forme \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve<\/a><\/div>
...-on associe souvent le nom de Calvin au concept de r\u00e9forme \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve - mais quand Calvin est arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve, la r\u00e9forme \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 sur ses rails.- Gen\u00e8ve est la seule ville de toute l'Europe qui conquiert et qui parvient \u00e0 maintenir son ind\u00e9pendance, au moment de la r\u00e9formation- l'ennemi num\u00e9ro un de Gen\u00e8ve c'est la Savoie. - les hommes qui se battaient pour l'ind\u00e9pendance de la vil...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Three Theories of Gender Domination<\/a><\/div>
...almost all societies throughout history have been patriarchal - divided societies into men and women and privileged men over women - one would think that this is such a universal phenomenon, it probably results from a biological reason and not from a chance, historical event such as the way the caste system in India developed or racial tensions in America- theories of why most societi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
Le concept de r\u00e9forme<\/a><\/div>
...Calvin \u00e7a n\u2019est pas l\u2019homme de la R\u00e9forme, c\u2019est l\u2019homme d\u2019une r\u00e9forme. - il y avait beaucoup des r\u00e9formes \u00e0 travers l'histoire, il y a d\u2019innombrables r\u00e9formes eccl\u00e9siastiques - la r\u00e9forme, qu'est ce cela veut dire? - Calvin n'\u00e9tait le premier \u00e0 vouloir r\u00e9former l'\u00e9glise - toutefois, il a dit qu'il voulait la r\u00e9former - Bernard de Clairvaux (1090-1153) - un moine fran\u00e7ais...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Culturally Defined Gender<\/a><\/div>
...each society adopts specific social distinctions and imagined hierarchies - race became very important in American society, but was relatively insignificant to medieval Muslim society - caste was a matter of life and death in medieval India but in modern Europe it is practically non-existent - one hierarchy, however, which has been of supreme importance in almost all human societies i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Care of Elders with Alzheimer's Disease<\/div>
Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia<\/a><\/div>
...dementia - hallmark symptoms once it reaches a certain point - memory impairment - loss of ability to find words (aphasia) - changes in emotion (apathy and lack of interest in things) - loss of ability to interpret sensory information - challenges providing an accurate diagnosis - these influences can mimic dementia symptoms and need to be ruled out: - Drugs - Emo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Portuguese Indian Ocean Empire<\/a><\/div>
...Europe set for more sea trips to the Indian Ocean - the news of da Gama's discovery of the Indian Oceans turned into a rampage - da Gama, humiliated by his experience in Calicut, was determined to return - 1502: second trip to Calicut - went through every ship in the harbor - cut off the hands, noses and ears of sailors - burned ships with sailors aboard - burned a sh...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Imagined Hierarchies in History<\/a><\/div>
...what accounts for all the different societies and hierarchies throughout history? - in most cases, hierarchies were based on historical circumstances and then simply perpetuated over many generations - Hindu caste system - the peoples of central Asia invaded the Indian sub-continent and subjugated the local population, created a stratified society in which they were on top - inva...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Exploring Beethoven's Piano Sonatas<\/div>
Beethoven: The First Professional Composer<\/a><\/div>
...Beethoven was the first composer who had models to follow - although he may have dislike some of his employers, musically, at least, he had all the tools to thrive within the system - notably bad at taking orders - would have made a terrible court composer - was able to make decisions about his music in a way that Haydn and Mozart never could, particularly in their youth- he compo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Unjust and Imagined Hierarchies<\/a><\/div>
...history after the agriculture revolution can largely be understood by answering this question: how did humans organize themselves into large cooperative networks when they lack the instinctive ability necessary to sustain such networks? - the short answer to this question is that humans created imagined orders and invented writing which filled the gaps left by our biological inheritance- wh...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Initiation \u00e0 la programmation en Java<\/div>
Expressions<\/a><\/div>
...le type des expressions est important - si j'\u00e9cris la valeur 1, cette valeur est de type int - si j'\u00e9cris 1.0, cette valeur est de type double- on peut \u00e9crire 2e3, et c'est \u00e9quivalent \u00e0 2 fois 10 puissance 3, c'est-\u00e0-dire 2000- un pi\u00e8ge - si les deux valeurs qui interviennent dans la division sont toutes les deux de type int, il s'agit de la division enti\u00e8re.- il explique que l'...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard: Subjectivity, Irony and the Crisis of Modernity<\/div>
Introduction to Kierkegaard<\/a><\/div>
...S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) - first existentialist philosopher - fondness for metaphor, irony and parables - how one lives as a \"single individual\" - priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking - personal choice and commitment - critic of idealist intellectuals of his time such as Hegel, Goethe and Hans Christian Andersen- ask yourself how much time you spend u...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Human Brain's Outsourcing of Mathematics<\/a><\/div>
...throughout history, in order to build a large kingdom or city or modern state, humans needed (1) enough food, (2) an imagined order, and (3) techniques for storing large amounts of information - up until the agricultural revolution, all information needed was stored in the human brain - but as societies grew larger and larger, two things happened - 1. amounts of necessary information...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Da Gama, Pepper and World History<\/a><\/div>
...pepper, from preciosity to necessity - the way we use pepper today: - from berry, harvested green - left to ferment to allow the skin to flake off, so the insides can darken and shrivel - crucial for masalas in India and grilled meats in the Arab world, and Romans loved their pepper- Vasco da Gama (1469-1524) - Portuguese explorer - commander of the first ships to sail dire...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Initiation \u00e0 la programmation en Java<\/div>
Variables: lecture\/\u00e9criture<\/a><\/div>
...ces diff\u00e9rentes parties sont compos\u00e9es \u00e0l'aide du signe plus- si on veut affichez un saut de ligne, on utilise la commande println, autrement on utilise la commande print- on peut aussi afficher un valeur d'une expressions- pour faire un addition des num\u00e9ros dans une cha\u00eene, on doit utiliser les parenth\u00e8ses- il montre comment on peut mettre la valeur d'une variable dans une autre variable...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem<\/div>
Geopolitical Background of Ancient Jerusalem<\/a><\/div>
...fertile crescent - cradle of ancient Middle Eastern civilizations - 4500-2000 BC: rise of civilization - social and economic powers grew on both sides of the crescent - Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, Phoenicia, Assyria and Egypt were the dominant cultures until around 335 BC with the conquests of Alexander the Great- Mesopotamia - between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - Sumer (4500 BC...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Inter-Subjective Reality and Romantic Consumerism<\/a><\/div>
...if human rights are just a story that we create and believe, isn't there a danger that the social order will collapse? - the answer is yes, which is why the social order of humans is much less stable that the social order of chimpanzees, or wolves, or ants which have their rigid social structures, i.e. how to deal with large numbers of strangers, hard-coded into their genes, and it is why w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1500-1700 Indian Ocean Trading system<\/a><\/div>
...triangular system of the Atlantic world - Africa, Europe and the Americas - new models of colonies which augment this circulation - exploitation of labor and natural resources - this also began to change the relation between Europe and the rest of Eurasia- Indonesia - Batavia - a fortification with command over one of the great harbors of the new age - Chinese and Portuguese ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Exploring Beethoven's Piano Sonatas<\/div>
Beethoven's Precursors: Bach, Haydn, Mozart<\/a><\/div>
...while Bach was a reference point for almost every composer after him, he represents an end of an era- Haydn - chronologically, Haydn marks a new beginning - father of the forms that came to dominate the classical era - we see the place of the composer in society undergo an evolution - Haydn was born in 1732, 18 years old at the time of Bach's death - from 1761, employed as Kapellm...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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L'art des structures 1 : C\u00e2bles et arcs<\/div>
Types de charges sur les structures<\/a><\/div>
...quels types de charges peuvent agir sur les structures - gravitation - pr\u00e9cipitations - des circulations de courants et les vents - s\u00e9ismes - les personnes- exemples de charges - un gratte-ciel - la neige - des charges de gravit\u00e9 sur le poids propre de la structure - des personnes, utilisateurs de la structure - les charges de vent et agissent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Psychology<\/div>
Observational Research and the Rosenhan Experiment<\/a><\/div>
...approaches to seeking truth about the world - rationalists - knowing by thinking - Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz - you can come to understand something well enough and deeply enough simply by thinking about it and discussing it with others - empiricists - knowing by the senses - Berkeley, Locke, Hume - thinking, talking and arguing wasn't enough, you could arrive at wh...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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L'art des structures 1 : C\u00e2bles et arcs<\/div>
Gravitation universelle<\/a><\/div>
...gravitation universelle - les forces qui agissent, agissent toujours selon l'axe qui r\u00e9unit les centres de gravit\u00e9 - la constante G est appel\u00e9e constante de gravitation universelle.- il montre comment on calcule la force qu'exerce la Terre sur le Soleil our\u00e9ciproquement la force qu'exerce le Soleil sur la Terre- dans le deuxi\u00e8me exemple, on peut voir un homme qui est debout sur la...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Code of Hammurabi and Other Imagined Realities<\/a><\/div>
...impact of the agricultural revolution on humans - led to far more complex human societies - foragers lived in small bands of a few dozen individuals - farmers and peasants lived their lives in towns of hundreds, thousands and ultimately millions of people working on a daily basis towards common goals - a reason for this growth was that agriculture could support far more people - mor...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1930s: The Decade of Contingency<\/a><\/div>
...Japan in early 1930s: a stalemate of two conflicting ideals - 1. with Japan's enormous modernization, many people appealing for - liberal ideas - international cooperation - 2. also a national conservative faction - Japanese nationalism - purity of Japanese traditions - therefore must not be vulnerable from economic pressure from England and other countries - needs to reje...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Origins of Agriculture<\/a><\/div>
...the agricultural revolution occurred very gradually - a collection of attempts to improve life resulted in a more difficult life for most humans - why did humans make these choices to make their lives more difficult - it was a miscalculation, as in other times in history - they were unable to foresee the full consequences of their choices - every time they decided to do extra wor...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Initiation \u00e0 la programmation en Java<\/div>
Variables en Java<\/a><\/div>
...une variable - une zone en m\u00e9moire qui poss\u00e8de un nom dans laquelle on va pouvoir stocker une valeur - si on a une valeur qui doit utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises, alors une variable doit \u00eatre cr\u00e9\u00e9- des r\u00e8gles des variables - chaque variable a une type particulier, quel genre de donn\u00e9e exactement qu'on veut utiliser - si on ne d\u00e9finit pas une variable en Java, elle ne peut pas \u00eatre ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
10,000 BC: Agricultural Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...Sapiens who lived 30,000 years ago had all the physical characteristics we had and so were capable of being as intelligent, curious and sensitive as we are - they probably had their own share of religious movements, artistic movements, and political struggles - we don't know much about these events for lack of evidence- the agricultural revolution - transition from hunting and gathering t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Agriculture: The Good and the Bad<\/a><\/div>
...the life of farmers and peasants was quite difficult compared to the way of life of previous Homo sapiens- as humans slowly became dependent on wheat, there is much that it did not offer us: - it's very clear that wheat did not offer us a better diet - humans are omnivorous, they survive by eating a very wide variety of foodstuffs - grains like wheat made up only a small fraction ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Exploring Beethoven's Piano Sonatas<\/div>
Historical Background: Beethoven and Bach<\/a><\/div>
...our response to Beethoven's sonatas - music undeniably has an ineffable quality that can't be explained, but a large part of how we respond to it has to do with how it fulfills or confounds our expectations - based on our culture - its culture - effect the structure, harmony in particular has on us - the reason that we're still playing, listening to, talking about the Beethoven son...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
14,000 BC: Human Migration to the Americas<\/a><\/div>
...the first globally influential event that humans achieved was cause the ecological catastrophe in Australia 50,000 to 40,000 years ago- the second globally influential event was a similar ecological catastrophe on the American continents - humans arrived about 14,000 BC - arrived on foot while sea levels were low enough that a land bridge connected north Eastern Siberia with northwestern ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Psychology<\/div>
Branches of 20th Century Psychology<\/a><\/div>
...Freud's clinical and subliminal focus on human nature created a fork in the disciple of psychology - psychology had been developing as a scientific discipline which studied the conscious mind - Freud shaped it toward the study of pathology, of mental disorders with an emphasis on the subconscious mind - later Freud's theories developed more into theories on human behavior, but there w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
800-700 BC: Athens Before Solon<\/a><\/div>
...Theseus - mythical founder-king of Athens - son of Aegeus (goat-man) and Poseidon - his story is told by Plutarch - visit to Crete - slays the Minotaur who is kept in the labyrinth, get assistance from Minos' daughter Ariadne [air-ee-AD-nee] - when Theseus got back to Athens, he had a great idea \"Synoecism\", the idea of communities combining - sets up a temple where everyone ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
The 1930s World Crisis<\/a><\/div>
...modern capitalism was a system created in the late 1800s - standardized money built around the gold standard - gold standard - demand = how much we can buy, how much money is available - if you have a gold standard system, then demand is tied to the amount of gold available - advantage: more stable - disadvantage: if you have a growing economy (increased amount of goods on the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
45,000 Years Ago: Human's Decimation of Australia's Large Mammals<\/a><\/div>
...ways in which humans related to other animals and plants and became the most important factor in the ecology of planet earth long before the agricultural revolution - until the rise of Homo sapiens, all other human species lived on the Afroasian land mass - no other human species has the ability to cross the open sea or large expanses - plants evolved in each of these places in each of th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Politics and Warfare of Pre-Agricultural Societies<\/a><\/div>
...there is not sufficient evidence to determine if in the Stone Age people had private property, nuclear families and monogamous relationships- we do, however, have some evidence of what political and social life was like- Sungir burial site - 28,000 to 30,000 years old - discovered in 1955 - 200 kilometers east of Moscow - a society of mammoth hunters - wolly mammoth - 10,...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Spiritual Beliefs of Early Humans<\/a><\/div>
...mental and spiritual lives of pre-agricultural-revolution humans - it's a lot harder to know what ancient people believed than what they ate, especially with no records of writing - animist beliefs - it is generally believed that ancient peoples had animist beliefs - Latin \"anima\" = soul or spirit - world is full of animated beings which can communicate with each everything dire...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
The World of 1930<\/a><\/div>
...a common term for the time around 1930 was the \"inter-war period\" - we're so conscious of WWII coming, that we tend to look at the time of history around 1930 almost like a brief interval between wars, some historians even write of it as a truce period - the reality is that life and society during the 20s and 30s was not so linear and destined for another World War as we might think, ye...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Cognitive Revolution and the Variety of Human Communities<\/a><\/div>
...the cognitive changes that took place around 50,000 years ago enabled humans to create and believe in stories - this helped them organize themselves in groups much larger than 150 - humans used their imagination not only to adapt themselves to the world as it is, but to create new worlds- what was physical, cognitive, and spiritual life like for people 40,000 years ago? - the vast m...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1910s\/1920s: Modern Women<\/a><\/div>
...19th century - traditional roles - almost all women were in traditional roles - womens' role may have been just as important as mens' but from a legal point of view, women were subordinate - lack of rights to vote - lack of rights to own property - China - foot bindings were for women a mandatory custom for upper class women - from childhood crushing their feet...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
How the Ability to Tell Stories Enabled Humans to Cooperate in Massive Groups<\/a><\/div>
...since large scale cooperation between sapiens is based on stories, the way that people cooperate and build their societies can be changed pretty quickly by changing the stories - 1789 in France, in a short period of time, the people switched the story from the sovereign right of kings to the sovereign right of people - genetic evolution based on physical changes is very slow, cultural e...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Psychology<\/div>
Sigmund Freud: The Fork in the Road<\/a><\/div>
...Freud's influence on psychology as a discipline was to fork a non-scientific branch - he was exposing his ideas in the Victorian Era - a time when men were gentlemen and women were ladies - there was a properness as to how things were supposed to happen - the topics sex and aggression were not talked about, they were not polite, not the sort of things people discussed - th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Power of Imagined Realities<\/a><\/div>
...it is easy for us understand how primitive cultures believed in ghosts and spirits- it is harder for us to appreciate is that our own modern institutions such as banks, governments, and countries function on the same basis- the legend of Peugeot car company - one of the biggest and oldest car manufactures in Europe - began in 1896 as small village in North East France - today it empl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
600 BC Tyrants and Sages: Cypselus and Periander<\/a><\/div>
...meaning of \"tyrant\" - the modern meaning of the tyrant is extremely negative, suggesting brutality, greed, and lawlessness - the original Greek meaning of tyrant was \"someone who seized power in a non-constitutional way and held it personally\" - one of the ironies in ancient Greece is that tyranny was a necessary prelude to democracy- Corinth - strategically very important - contr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Post World War I: The Age of Uncertainty<\/a><\/div>
...after WWI the common sentiment was that Europe was a broken world - the certainties of the past seemed gone - human losses: - 9-10 million people killed - 10s of millions people damaged in some way, physically or psychologically - conditions of war helped produce the worst outbreak of disease, the Great Influenza Epidemic of 1918 - 90% of the people killed were soldiers, so ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
How Fictive Language Enabled Larger Social Groups<\/a><\/div>
...what is it that makes human language so powerful? - talk about exterior events, e.g. where lions and food is - gossip about others in your group in order to know who you can best trust and cooperate with - human language is a fictive language, and is unique, no other animal does this - you can't convince a monkey to give you a banana by promising him that he will go to monkey heaven...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Language of Homo Sapiens<\/a><\/div>
...something amazing started happening to Homo sapiens about 70,000 years ago which had to do with our language, the way we talk and think, it is our language which has made us the masters of this world- what is so special about Homo sapiens language - Homo sapiens are not the only animals with vocal communication abilities - other animals can communicate through less sophisticated sou...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Cognitive Revolution and the Beginning of Human History<\/a><\/div>
...for more than 2 million years, the earth was populated with a number of human species, not just one- from 2 million years ago to around 70,000 years ago, these human species were for the most part unimportant animals living in the middle of the food chain and had a small impact on the environment around them, and they had not done anything particularly influential- 70,000 years ago someth...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Why Did Other Human Species Become Extinct?<\/a><\/div>
...the significant revolution in the status of humans in the ecosystem came only after the appearance of our own species, Homo sapiens - appeared between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago in Africa - by 150,000 years ago, East Africa was populated with Homo sapiens which looked much like us - around 70,000 years ago, some of these Homo sapiens left East Africa and reached the Middle East and beg...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Animal Behaviour<\/div>
Asking the Right Questions<\/a><\/div>
...avoid anthropomorphism - e.g. are dolphins happy and content when free to jump in the water? - this is a bad question, since we have no way of knowing if dolphins are happy in the same way as humans are happy - we can, however, measure things like heart rate - cows are known to have higher heart rates when around certain other cows - whether or not this means they are happy a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Importance of Fire and Cooking<\/a><\/div>
...humans for most of their existence had large brains, the ability to produce and use tools and had complex social structures - however, they were weak and marginal in the ecosystem - yet in the last 100,000 years, humans ascended to the top of the food chain and became the most powerful and influential animals- how did humans make the jump to the top of the food chain? - one skill ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Post-WWI Communism vs. Anti-Communism<\/a><\/div>
...one of the biggest effects of World War One was the rise of modern communism and the communism vs. anti-communism split was the biggest fault line of the new politics of the 1920s - war - ruling parties were not able to prevent the war, communism was portrayed as a solution that would prevent war - chaos - what takes the place of those shattered empires - communist revolutions h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Science of Gastronomy<\/div>
The Chemistry of Hunger: Glucose, Insulin, Leptin, Ghrelin<\/a><\/div>
...glucose - a kind of sugar (the suffix \"-ose\" denotes a sugar) - glucose levels have much to do with how we feel, e.g. if we are hungry - after a meal, you accumulate glucose in your blood - gradually the level of glucose in your blood declines - glucostats (glucose sensitive receptor cells) monitor the amount of glucose and signal when there is not enough - when you have low glu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
How Walking Upright Led to Better Social and Cooperative Skills<\/a><\/div>
...the various species of human (those species which belonged to the genus Homo) shared many characteristics with each other - had extraordinarily large brains - mammals weighting 60kg usually have a brain 200cc (cubic centimeters) - homo sapiens today who weigh 60kg have a brain weighing 1200-1400cc - 2.5 million years ago, the earliest men and women had smaller brains than we do today...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Post-WWI: Filling the Void of Collapsed Empires<\/a><\/div>
...Woodrow Wilson had talked about a peace without victory - popular vision for a world exhausted by war - but if you were e.g. France where the Germans had largely destroyed your country, you may not be for this vision- problems that peace makers faced - five empires collapsed between 1912 and 1922 - Qing Empire - The Qing dynasty that had ruled China since 1644 was over - Ch...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Public Speaking<\/div>
Developing Main Points Quickly<\/a><\/div>
...the skill set of developing main points and then being able to talk through each one is hugely useful in job interviews, informational interviews, client meetings, anytime you need to craft a message in a semi-formal setting- inventing main points - decide on your position, one side or the other - ask yourself why your thesis is true - try to come up with ten claims why your position...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Context of History and Our Extended Human Family<\/a><\/div>
...background and context - about 13 billion years ago, matter, energy, time and space came into being in what is known as the Big Bang - the story of these fundamental features of our universe is called physics - about 300,000 years after their appearance, matter and energy began to combine into structures which we call atoms and these atoms then combine into even more complex structures ca...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Why the Allies Won World War One<\/a><\/div>
...America officially entered WWI in April 1917, and even in early 1918, it was not clear who was going to win the war- situation in 1917 - Britain and France - in terms of lack of military advancement and sheer casualties, both countries had another terrible year - yes the Americans had joined the war in April 1917 but the American soldiers were just being trained to fight and hardly ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock and Roll, Part One<\/div>
First Crossovers: Fats Domino, Chuck Berry, Little Richard<\/a><\/div>
...Bill Haley (1925-1981) - Bill Haley and His Comets - Bill Haley the first musician to \"really get this Rock and Roll thing\" - sold over 25 million records worldwide - self-admitted alcoholic, had alcohol problems at end of life, cancelled European tour- Fats Domino (1928-) - a friendly, cheerful, a bit overweight, and in no way would white audiences feel that he was threatening as was...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
The Spartan Way of Life<\/a><\/div>
...as with other ancient civilizations, what we have with Sparta are a number of stories which we can try to turn into a coherent narrative- Lycurgus [ligh-KER-gus] (820BC-730BC) - law-giver - established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi - The Rhetra [RAY-tra] - the Spartan Constitution, believed to have been formul...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
WWI Pushes Warring Countries Toward Total States<\/a><\/div>
...World War I was not just a war but an event in history that changed the ideas of how to organize these modern, industrial societies, and during the war, this took the form of moving the warring countries, some more than others, toward total states - the war was absolutely devastating, more than any other war people could remember, on a scale no one had ever experienced - the idea of 100,000...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Law of the European Union<\/div>
Three Pillars of the EU: ECSC, EEC\/EC, EURATOM<\/a><\/div>
...1951 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) - failed to come to a defense or political community - 1957 European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) - purpose: to create a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe - today legally distinct from the European Union - 1957 European Economic Community (EEC) - created by the Treaty of Rome - known as Common Market - und...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Psychology<\/div>
Psychology Before Freud<\/a><\/div>
...psychology has a tension in terms of its scientific merit, which leads to two kinds of psychology - clinical approach - scientific approach- late 1800s: psychology was born in Germany - late 1800s, a period where Germany was economically a very strong country, the strongest in Europe and perhaps in the world - invested their money in research to stay at the leading edge - wanted...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Public Speaking<\/div>
Impromptu Speech: Outlining and Flowing<\/a><\/div>
...how are we going to evaluate speeches? - standardizing of grading is an important aspect but not the most important aspect - we are going to evaluate rubrics, i.e. various aspects of the speech - we get better at speaking by studying these parts in isolation and in tandem with each other- parts of impromptu speech - invention: main points - main points - coming up with claims ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
The 1916 Missed Opportunity for Peace<\/a><\/div>
...choices made in late 1916 on whether to continue the war - the study of history is analyzing choices as stories in which people confront a situation, try to make sense of it, see their problems there, try to figure out what is the best way to solve these problems, and then take action, which then leads to new situations - we want to discover why choices made towards the end of 1916 merged toget...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Psychology<\/div>
1600-1850: Psychology Emerges<\/a><\/div>
...throughout the centuries, humans have generally perceived themselves as distinct in some way, i.e. spirits in a material world - yet for things that were physical, as the scientific method was developed, humans began to see that interactions that those materials show show adherence to physical laws, and through careful observation and systematic experimentation, they could figure out what t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock and Roll, Part One<\/div>
1950s Crossovers and Cover Versions<\/a><\/div>
...Cashbox and Billboard - record industry charts - Cashbox - from 1942 to 1996 - now revived online - unlike Billboard, Cashbox initially combined all currently available recordings of a song into one chart position with artist and label information shown for each version, alphabetized by label - Billboard (1894-today) - international news magazine devoted to music and the music i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Science of Gastronomy<\/div>
The Transfer of Heat Through Foods via Conduction<\/a><\/div>
...conduction - thermal energy is transferred from one molecule to the nearby molecule by means of a collision, there is no relocation of molecules - during cooking, heat is transferred from the outside to the center of a solid piece of food by means of conduction, e.g. steak - cellular structure of food impedes heat transfer - rate of heat transfer is determined by - thickness of f...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Public Speaking<\/div>
The Impromptu Speech<\/a><\/div>
...Why are we doing an impromptu speech? - it is a good model to take to any speech setting where you have to speak without much preparation - the format allows you to quickly put together a speech that is easy to listen to - this is the first speech assignment because it is a base model for the other speeches - has fewer moving parts than the other speeches, but - \"Sorry, I was t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1914-1916: All War Plans Fail Horribly<\/a><\/div>
...all elaborate plans to win the war are failing - vast plans moving millions of men, huge amounts of artillery, careful railway time tables comes to bloody wreckage - war starts out with social unity - management vs. working class now takes a second seat to war-time unity as countries rally to their flags- what did countries expect of WWI? - expected what had happened in the past -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy<\/div>
Arguments and Paradoxes<\/a><\/div>
...Zeno of Elea (490BC-430BC) - in southern Italy - member of Eleatic School founded by Parmenides - Eleatic School - rejected the epistemological validity of sense experience - Zeno primarily employed the reductio ad absurdum, attempting to destroy the arguments of others by showing their premises led to contradictions- Parmenides (515BC-430BC) - founder of Eleatic school ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1914: From Balkan Crisis to War<\/a><\/div>
...it starts with an assassination in Sarajevo - capital of Bosnia - Serbia, to the east, believes it should expand to include much if not all of Bosnia as well as other areas in the Balkans - Serbians are supported by their Slav kindred in the Russian Empire - Bosnians (1878 administrated by and 1908 annexed by Austro-Hungarian Empire) are also backed by the Germans - Italy was pa...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Hesiod's Creation Myth: Theogony<\/a><\/div>
...Hesiod (750BC-660BC) - around the same time as Homer - one of the first European poets to regard himself as a topic - Hesiod and Homer established Greek religious customs - major source on Greek mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought, archaic Greek astronomy, and ancient time-keeping - Homer composed heroic epic, Hesiod composed didactic epic (emphasizing instruct...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1914: The Balkan Whirlpool<\/a><\/div>
...Balkan whirlpool - Germany is getting sucked into this area of the world and its issues - the Balkans are \"toxically anti-imperialist\" - against the Austrian-Hungarian Empire - against the Ottoman Empire - they've thrown off imperial rule, but now they are full of quarrels with each other, the Balkans has become a battle ground of warring new nationalities - 1908: Bosnia i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock and Roll, Part One<\/div>
1950s: Radio, Records and Disc Jockeys<\/a><\/div>
...how did white teenagers get to listen to rhythm and blues in the early 1950s? - country was still very segregated - African-Americans were largely living in separate towns and neighborhoods than whites - for white kids to go into those parts of town was still largely forbidden by their parents - there wasn't a conscious effort to for rhythm and blues labels to reach white teenagers...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A New History for a New China, 1700-2000<\/div>
Social Mobility and the Examination System in Late Imperial China<\/a><\/div>
...Max Weber (1864-1920) - German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist whose ideas influenced social theory, social research, and the entire discipline of sociology - studied the religions of China with regard to the apparent non-development of capitalism in the corresponding societies, as well as to their differing forms of social stratification- Imperial China - major dyna...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Exercise Physiology: Understanding the Athlete Within<\/div>
Muscle Contraction and Energetics<\/a><\/div>
...skeletal muscle - actin and myosin filaments interact to generate force - actin - participates in many important cellular processes including muscle contraction, cell division cell signalling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape - myosins - ATP-dependent motor proteins best known for their role in muscle contraction and their involvement in a wid...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Public Speaking<\/div>
How to Record and Post your Speech for Peer Review<\/a><\/div>
...tips for recording your video - we don't want your head right in the camera, stand back so that viewers can see you walk and move around - audience should see you from the thighs up - make sure lighting is bright enough - close all windows to reduce outside sounds such as sirens or dogs barking - you want your laptop or camera up on books or a shelf about chest level, otherwise if ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1914: Schizophrenic Germany<\/a><\/div>
...In 1914, Germany has two different personalities - if you were going to look at the empires whose fears and insecurities were at the root of what happened in 1914, you would also look at: - Austria-Hungarian Empire - Russian Empire - so why look at Germany in particular? - they controlled the strategic initiative for World War I - they were the country which was able to set th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Science, Capitalism and European Imperialism<\/a><\/div>
...in the last 500 years, the scientific revolution has almost completely changed the lives of humans - science can only flourish in alliance with an ideology which justifies, guides, and finances scientific research and decides what to do with the new powers scientific research brings- the two most important forces which have shaped scientific revolution1. European imperialism2. capital...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Apex and Erosion of the Mughal Empire<\/a><\/div>
...Mughal Empire (1526\u20131857) - northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell to the superior mobility and firepower of the Mughals - resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices - it's one thing to create a regime as the Mughals did, it's another thing to sustain it,...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Kennedy Half Century<\/div>
JFK Takes to the National Stage<\/a><\/div>
...1956 National Convention - launched Kennedy onto the national stage - his book Profiles in Courage brought much attention, but his key moment was at the National Democratic Convention in 1956 in Chicago - Adlai Stevenson was being renominated to challenge Eisenhower again - Kennedy had hoped to be picked by Stevenson as his running mate - had a televised spot at the convention -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Relationship between Science, European Imperialism and Capitalism<\/a><\/div>
...over the last 500 years we have developed a belief that scientists just need to be left alone doing their research and development, and they will create for us the ability to live better and better lives - it's a common thought but also a simplistic one to think that science is simply working for the benefit of humankind - many scientists have been motivated by the wish to help humankind ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Paul's Letters: Authorship and Audience<\/a><\/div>
...authorship - in Paul's letters, other figures begin to emerge as authors - e.g. Silvanus, Timothy, Sosthenes, Tertius - what was going on as these letters were produced and first read aloud among the ekklesia? - in some letters we see that a community begins to emerge- prescripts - a prescript consists of three parts - superscriptio: the name of the sender - adscriptio: ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior<\/div>
The Simple Model of Dishonesty<\/a><\/div>
...in what ways do people lie and cheat yet still think of themselves as good people? - often we have a very simple model of dishonesty: what do we stand to gain and what do we stand to lose - this is not actually a good model, many other aspects are driving us to be honest and dishonesty- we often lie or cheat yet don't think of ourselves as being immoral, this is a commonly shared dil...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
The Journey of Aeneas<\/a><\/div>
...Aeneid - written between 29BC and 19BC - tells the story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans - first half: journey from Troy to Italy (like the Odyssey) - second half: Trojans' victorious war upon the Latins (like the Iliad)- the text - \"I sing of warfare and a man at war\" - Virgil makes clear at the beginning that he is going ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Form and Physicality of Ancient Letter Writing<\/a><\/div>
...epistolography - the study of letter writing - letters were their means of circulating news, requests, and communicating ideas- what kind of letters existed in antiquity - business letters - notes to lovers - children to parents asking for things - letters of condolence - letters of advice - letters are found both in literary form and non-literary, i.e. non-studied - it's ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Psychology<\/div>
Knowledge Association<\/a><\/div>
...people often tell us about associations between two variables which seems profound or important - example: on radio, the more cheeseburgers one eats, the lower the chance that you'll dye of cancer - eating a large amount of cheeseburgers increases the likelihood of dying of a heart attack, and if you die of a heart attack, you can't die of cancer. - association in information can be enl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Romulus Founds Rome<\/a><\/div>
...April 21, 753 BC - one could say the day Roman architecture began - according to legend, Romulus founded the city of Rome on the Palatine Hill on this day- on the Palatine Hill - Colosseum - Forum - Via dei Fori Imperiali - runs in a straight line from the Piazza Venezia to the Colosseum - built by order of Mussolini, from 1924-1932 - also the start of the marathon - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
On Reading Vergil<\/a><\/div>
...how Vergil thought about myth - asking this of Homer or the tragedians, we wouldn't get much of an answer, since they didn't have much meta-thought on what myth was to them, they just employed it - with Virgil we have evidence of him using myth as a tool - has large tradition of the interpretation of Homer - Vergil is a scholar poet, an artist - an extremely learned person -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Temple of Jupiter OMC<\/a><\/div>
...Temple of Jupiter OMC - 509 BC building of the temple commenced - Etruscans were ascendant (768BC-264BC) - Etruria - area of Italy north of Rome - now Tuscany, Lazio, and Umbria any, Lazio and Umbria - unique language - D. H. Lawrence's Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays - used power to gain ascendancy in Rome itself - period of Etruscan ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Servian Wall of Rome<\/a><\/div>
...very many structures were built after the Temple to Jupiter - however, very little of these survived from this period - fires destroyed them, as many were made out of wood - many buildings became quarries for architects using them as a source of stone - any city that has been inhabited for two and a half millenia is obviously going to lose many of its structures over time -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
L'institution de la religion chr\u00e9tienne<\/a><\/div>
...L'institution de la religion chr\u00e9tienne - 1536 Calvin le publia d\u2019abord en latin - \"Christianae Religionis Institutio\" - Calvin avait 27 ans - 1541 \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve, Calvin le traduisit lui-m\u00eame en fran\u00e7ais - sans aucun doute l'oeuvre ma\u00eetresse de Calvin - ce devenu la somme de la th\u00e9ologie r\u00e9form\u00e9e - c'\u00e9tait une somme th\u00e9ologique - une somme de pi\u00e9t\u00e9 - pourquoi cet ouvrage?...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Temple of Portunus in Rome and Temple of Hercules in Cori<\/a><\/div>
...Temple of Portunus - dates between 120BC and 80BC - near the Tiber river - which \"looks nasty as it usually does, it's very green and not the sort of place you would want to take a swim in\" - next to Temple of Portunus is round temple called the \"Round Temple by the Tiber\" for obvious reasons - the plan of Temple of Portunus - more like an Etruscan temple with Greek features...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Increasing Greekification of Roman Temple Building<\/a><\/div>
...Temple of Vesta in Tivoli - beautifully situated - built 80 BC - a round temple and temples of Vesta were round so tended to be called by scholars \"Temple of Vesta\" - this is as Greek as we have gotten so far - Greeks liked round temples - round structure - low base - free-standing columns - Temple of Vesta in Tivoli has higher podium - staircase on on side, so has a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Columbus: Last Man of the Middle Ages, Vespucci: First Man of the Modern Age<\/a><\/div>
...early European maps (e.g. 1459) left no part of the world was uncharted and gave you the impression of familiarity with the world - in the 15th century Europeans began to draw maps with many empty spaces, indicating that they were ignorant of large parts of the world - 1492 Christopher Columbus' voyage was based his \"complete\" world maps from the Middle Ages - when the Pinta reached ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Paul's Letter Writing Within the Tradition of Ancient Rhetoric<\/a><\/div>
...background - you have to remember that Paul's letters did not originate packaged as a unit, they were individual letters with individual audiences and purposes - intimate and familiar - much as we engage in letter writing today - distant and unfamiliar - reading Paul's letters we are engaging in a cross-cultural and cross-historical investigation - we have to exercise our histo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
Rising Star Expedition - Fall 2013<\/a><\/div>
...Cradle of Humankind, South Africa - World Heritage Site first named by UNESCO in 1999, about 50 kilometers northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa - a site that in the past has produced a large number and some of the oldest hominid fossils ever found, some dating back as far as 3.5 million years ago- Rising Star expedition - end of 2013 - recovered over 1000 hominid bone fossils...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Opus Caementicum and Opus Incertum<\/a><\/div>
...concrete (Opus Caementicum [kigh-MENT-tee-kum]) changed the concept of architecture for the Romans - a shift from tradition architecture to innovative - tradition Roman architecture - Temple of Portunus - derivative that looked back at Greek and Etruscan religious architecture - Etruscan - tall podium - deep porch - single staircase - Greek elements - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
European Empires, Science, and Capitalism<\/a><\/div>
...what united science and European imperialism was the urge to discover and conquer - at first the empires supported science mainly in terms of geographical explorations - however, soon followed medicine, botany, history, linguistics studies - even studies that seemed useless were supported by the European empires because you could never really know what might be useful - 19th century...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Porticus Aemilia<\/a><\/div>
...in the age of Augustus (63BC-14AD), Rome began to colonize cities around it- Porticus Aemilia - large warehouse on banks of Tiber - 193 BC, restored in 174 BC - only small fragment survives - Livy (59BC-17AD) ##livy - Roman historian - wrote \"Books from the Foundation of the City\" - from traditional foundation of Rome in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Ancient Responses to the Letters of Paul<\/a><\/div>
...we often read Paul's letters in the context of the Bible - HarperCollins Study Bible - used to understand the ancient, historical context of the writing of the Bible - all historical writings have biographies - where they originated - where they traveled - who reads them and where - how they were interpreted- circulation of Paul's letters - written as individual letters...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Temple of Jupiter Anxur at Terracina<\/a><\/div>
...Temple of Jupiter Anxur at Terracina - 100 BC to 70 BC - spectacularly sited - accentuated the buildings from a distance - gave those in the buildings amazing views - best view is from the sea - you can only see the podium today, but it is well preserved - podium supported temple - temple - Etruscan plan and Greek elevation - probably stone construction - angle i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
Savanna Chimpanzees<\/a><\/div>
...if we want to understand early hominids, we have to compare ourselves to our closest living relatives today: the chimpanzees and bonobos- Jill Preutz - primatologist and professor at Iowa State University - has been working with chimpanzees for over a dozen years years in Fongoli, Senegal - living in a unique environment, a Savanna context - they are dealing with some of the env...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Tabularium and Theater of Marcellus<\/a><\/div>
...Tabularium - 78 BC - used to house the state archives at that time - by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (120BC\u201377BC) - situated on the north side the Roman Forum, on the south side of the Capitoline Hill - today the Tabularium is only accessible from within the Capitoline Museum, but affords an excellent panoramic view over the Forum - Michelangelo, when building the Senatorial Palace o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
How Ancient People Wrote about Their Place in History: Polybius and Daniel<\/a><\/div>
...strategies of talking about their place in history - often ancient histories gave reasons for the succession of empires - Polybius (200BC-118BC) - Greek historian - noted for his work: The Histories, which covered 264 BC to 146 BC - the rise of the Roman Republic to world power - separation of powers in government - a time of ethnic fermenttalks about a succession...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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21st Century American Foreign Policy<\/div>
Three Voices on Foreign Policy: Obama, McCain, and Rand Paul<\/a><\/div>
...a sampling of the foreign policy debate within the U.S. - videos: - President Barack Obama - 2004-2008 senator from Illinois - Senator John McCain - 1967-73 naval officer taken prisoner of war in Vietnam - 2008 ran against Obama - Senator Rand Paul - 2010 elected Republican senator in Kentucky - support of and supported by the \"Tea Party\" movement - how to ana...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Columbus and the New World<\/a><\/div>
...to understand the collision that happened after 1492, we have to understand what was happening in the Old World- Russians moving north and east, many legends from this time, fish with men's heads, etc.- in West, forces of Christendom not faring too badly, Portugal and Spain, pushing Muslim forces south, culminating in alliance of Castille and Aragon, formed by marriage between Isabella ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History and Future of Higher Education<\/div>
The Four Information Ages<\/a><\/div>
...four information ages - 1. invention of writing - 4000 BCE: Mesopotamia - cuneiform - early writing used for commerce and poetry - 400 BCE: Golden Age of Greece - Socrates thought writing ruined the dialogue process between people, since people aren't engaged with each other anymore - fortunately Plato wrote everything down - 2. movable type - 9th and 10th centu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Bathing, Entertainment, and Housing in Roman Cities<\/a><\/div>
...every Roman city had its bath buildings - houses did not have running water, so bath buildings were extremely important, obviously - most cities had at least one, ancient Pompei seems to have had three - these bath buildings responded to both a practical and social need - bath houses were also interesting for their architectural experiments - baths buildings had multiple spac...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Four Stories of Empire in Judea: Babylonian, Macedonian, Seleucid, and Roman<\/a><\/div>
...Paul was a Jewish man writing in the context of the Roman Empire - writes to Jews and Gentiles who are interested in participating in Judaism- four contextual stories of empire - 1. Babylonian and Persian Empires - 587: Jerusalem destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia - many of the elites of Judah were taken into exile to Babylonia - this is where the story of Dani...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Roman Tombs, Aqueducts and the Lasting Impact of Roman Architecture<\/a><\/div>
...tomb architecture - particularly interesting because the only practical function of the structure was to house the remains of the deceased - therefore personal, even whimsical - tomb of Augustus - A large tomb built in 28 BC by Augustus, the founder of the Roman Empire. Although built for Emperor Augustus, it also held the remains of emperors after him including Tiberius, Caligula, an...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
Aeneid: The Odyssey with a Virgilian Twist<\/a><\/div>
...Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Odyssey - similarities - Aeneas is traveling around the Mediterranean in a way that parallels Odysseus' journey home - Odysseus is harried by Poseidon whereas Aeneas is harried by Juno - Odysseus is protected and looked after by Athena, Aeneas is protected by his mother, Venus (who parallels the Greek Aphrodite) - differences - Aeneas' purpose o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
How Capitalism is Based on Trust in the Future<\/a><\/div>
...economics is often seen as a notoriously complicated subject - understanding modern economic history and the rise of the capitalistic system is quite easy - to understand it, you have to only understand a single word: growth - the most unique and important characteristic of the modern capitalistic economy is that it is growing constantly: every year we have more goods, more money -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Treaty of Westphalia as the Hinge of Modern History<\/a><\/div>
...16th century complicated interconnections between European and Indian powers - interconnections gave way to interdependence - from changing commodities with each other, they also became aware of each other - began exporting slaves from Africa, deployed in the new colonies - slaves and colonies were used to create new levels of wealth which was used to change the relations with the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Poetry in America: Whitman<\/div>
Walt Whitman and the City<\/a><\/div>
...only in the 19th century do the cities we now live in begin to be built - 19th cities for the first time become larger and more populated than any person can easily know - vast grids of streets - where many thousands of people live pressed in together - the first buildings with 4,5, and 6 stories were beginning to be constructed - how to fireproof them, make them accomodate unprece...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Alexander the Great<\/div>
Alexander the Great, the Terrible, or the Insignificant<\/a><\/div>
...throughout history, Alexander the Great has been seen as a hero, or even more than a hero - as a Platonic philosopher king (Willian Tarn) - or even a Messianic figure like Jesus, sent on a mission to be the reconciler of the world - since the mid 20th century, however, a far less flattering portrait of Alexander has been drawn - an unstable alcoholic given to wine-fueled rages and ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
The Molecular Clock<\/a><\/div>
...phylogeny [figh-LAH-jin-nee] - understanding of the relationship between species - the relationship between species is a fundamental aspect of how evolution happened - when we add genetics to phylogeny, it gets complicated and involves math - how we use phylogeny to understand when certain species shared common ancestors with each other - humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Alexander the Great<\/div>
Why Study Alexander the Great?<\/a><\/div>
...why study Alexander the Great?1. his story is amazing, it's the stuff of fiction, not history - his father, Philip II, was perhaps the greatest king and certainly on of the most effective leaders that Greece ever produced - his mother, Olympias, was one of the most formidable women of the ancient world - Alexander may be the only man in Macedon who wasn't afraid of her - his...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Music of the Beatles<\/div>
Organizing the Biography<\/a><\/div>
...members - John Lennon (1940-1980) - guitar, lead vocals - Paul McCartney (1942-) - bass vocals - George Harrison (1943-2001) - lead guitar vocals - died of lung cancer - Ringo Starr (1940-) - original name: Richard Starkey - drummer - important to note: their date of birth - when they began to be popular 1963 in UK, 1964 in the US, they were only 20-23 years ol...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
The Roman Empire's Knowledge of Early Christian Communities<\/a><\/div>
...the texts of the New Testament, crafted from 49 to 120 CE are heavily influenced by the history of empires of that time - Paul and the authors of the Gospels had an awareness of the succession of empires - they were living under Roman rule and were thinking of their place in history, e.g. - 1. who are the people of Israel and what is the relation of Jews to Gentiles and other people'...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Julius Caesar's Vision to Make Rome the Architectural Equal of Alexandria<\/a><\/div>
...Ancient Rome was at that time the world's greatest superpower, which had an impact on its architecture - four men who had a large impact on the architecture of Rome - 1. Julius Caesar - 59 BC: elected consul - joins First Triumvirate - gets consulship in Gaul - 54 BC: triumvirate falls apart - 53-50 BC: difficult times, food shortages in Rome - Pompey took charg...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
On the Interdependence of Science and Capitalism<\/a><\/div>
...in pre-modern world, credit was very limited - because limited credit, few new businesses - because few new businesses, economy didn't grow - because economy didn't grow, lack of confidence in future - because of lack of confidence in future, limited credit - therefore, frozen economy - then came the scientific revolution and the idea of progress - if we admit our ignorance o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Augustus and Luna Marble<\/a><\/div>
...Mark Antony and Octavian - 44 BC: Caesar's assassination, Mark Antony rises to power - Octavian was only 19 and grand nephew of Caesar, tries to overthrow him and fails - 43 BC: Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus form Second Triumvirate - 42 BC: Octavian and Antony join military forces and defeat Cassius and Brutus at the Battle of Philippi - Mark Antony joins Cleopatra - Octav...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Josephus on the Definition of Jew and Christian in the Ancient World<\/a><\/div>
...a study of Paul's letters leads us to a better understanding of Judaism in the ancient world - Jews fall into three categories: orthodox, reformed, conservative - but this is true of other religious identities as well, e.g. within Christianity you have Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Protestants, and within each of these there are many branches - in antiquity it was also hard to say exact...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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D\u00e9couvrir la science politique<\/div>
Des pr\u00e9curseurs de la science politique<\/a><\/div>
...diff\u00e9rents types de politique - le politique - comme la notion \"polity\" en anglais - la politique - comme la notion \"politics\" en anglais - la mobilisation des acteurs - les politiques - comme la notion \"policies\" en anglais- la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e - du choix personnel des individus - le fait de fumer ou de ne pas fumer- la sph\u00e8re public - le fait de fumer peut deve...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Forum of Augustus and the Temple of Mars<\/a><\/div>
...Forum Augustum - building this was on his mind from the beginning of his reign - even though there were already two forums, the Roman Forum and the Forum of Julius Caesar, the population of Rome was growing as was the need to try judicial cases - more likely Augustus before the Battle of Philippi where Octavian and Mark Antony joined to defeat Brutus and Longinus, Augustus vowed that...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
Aeneas, Laocoon, and the Trojan Horse<\/a><\/div>
...in book 2, Aeneas begins to narrate for his Carthaginian hosts, his own past - Trojan War has ended - he experienced the fall of his beloved city - in a customary twist, modifies and extends Homer's story, tells of Sinon - Sinon was a Greek warrior during the Trojan War - near end of war, Aeneas is leaving the city, sees this Sinon who says he had been abandoned - standing n...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Age of Jefferson<\/div>
Thomas Jefferson in Historical Perspective<\/a><\/div>
...how people in America and around the world see Thomas Jefferson - what most people know about him is that he is the author of the Declaration of Independence - the creation of a new American nation was an important event in world history - Jefferson's understanding of history that is crucial to our understanding of Jefferson - he sees the revolution in the context of the progress ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Urbanisation en Afrique: changement et d\u00e9fis<\/a><\/div>
...l'urbanisation est un processus de changements multidimensionnels - les changements sont \u00e0 la fois spatiaux, d\u00e9mographiques, \u00e9conomiques, culturels ou m\u00eame infraculturels - dans le monde entier, nous sommes \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s \u00e0 52% d'urbains - mais pour l'Afrique et l'Asie, on voit que les deux continents sont extr\u00eamement peu urbanis\u00e9s - les pays les moins d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s sont aussi des pays les m...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Ara Pacis Augustae<\/a><\/div>
...Augustus tells us about this structure in his work \"Res Gestae\" [rez JEST-ee] - after successfully restoring law and order to Spain and Gaul, the senate decided to consecrate the Ara Pacis Augustae [AH-rah PAHK-is ah-oo-GOOS-tigh] on the Campus Martius in honor of my return, at which officials, priests, and Vestal Virgins should offer an annual sacrifice\"- made entirely of solid Luna ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Understanding the Historical Josephus<\/a><\/div>
...the historical Josephus - Josephus has a complicated Jewish identity - he's a debated and controversial character - he started out as a leader in the movement rebelling against Rome - then went over to the Roman side and wrote history of the Jewish War at the pay of the Flavian emperors - he called himself a prophet but was salaried by the Romans - some see him as a traitor...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
The Priene Inscription<\/a><\/div>
...the communities to which Paul writes are part of a broader range of Jewish identity - Gentiles were interested in Judaism - diaspora Jews were interested in being in Christ - Polybius offered story of the succession of empires from 264-146 BC - Book of Daniel offered story of the succession of empires set in the time of Babylonian captivity- Josephus writes not as an objective h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Music of the Beatles<\/div>
1957-1963: Before Beatlemania<\/a><\/div>
...the pre-1964 British pop scene: - highly indebted to American pop music - some British music historians will argue that pre-1963 UK pop music was more sophisticated that US pop music of that time - but when you talk to the people in the business, you learn that the product that the UK industry could sell the most of what American popular music - UK songs that sold were mostly either...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Meier Museum and the Jewel of the Lungotevere<\/a><\/div>
...Richard Meier Museum - built to enclose the Ara Pacis [AHR-ah PAHK-is] - the original location of the Ara Pacis was elsewhere in the vicinity, ended up beneath a palace - it was Mussolini who sponsored the project to bring all the pieces together for display - together with other buildings in Mussolini's fascist architectural style - Meier was careful to use at least some traverti...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Tiberius' Villa Jovis on Capri<\/a><\/div>
...Augustus founded the Julio-Claudian dynasty - \"Julio\" for the Julian side, i.e. Julius Caesar and Augustus - Augustus was the son of Caesar's sister Julia and Caesar adopted him in his will - \"Claudian\" for the Claudian side, i.e. Augustus' wife's side of the family - four more emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero - all four of these made an i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Practicing Tolerance in a Religious Society<\/div>
Toleration and Tolerance<\/a><\/div>
...tolerance and intolerance - we use these words to characterize individual people or whole societies - these are more or less black and white terms, they are polar - we rarely think of people as being \"sort of tolerant\" - not neutral terms - in most contexts, tolerance is good and intolerance bad - we usually ascribe these terms to the majority in a society and not the minorit...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Intertwining of Religion and Politics in the Roman Empire<\/a><\/div>
...1. local leaders nurture patron\/client relations with Rome - mutual benefaction, gift exchange - time and space are marked in provinces in Rome - calendar changes in Asia - cult for the goddess Roma and honoring the imperial family - we shouldn't think as provinces and cities outside Rome as on the margin, but as areas appealing to make a connection to Rome to tie themselves into ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Caligula, Lighter Concrete, and the Underground Basilica<\/a><\/div>
...Caligula - emperor 12-41 AD - was young, reigned for only three years - he was unbalanced, became a despot - mostly occupied with odd projects (e.g. fighting faux wars) instead of architecture, but he made some contributions - like Tiberius, more interested in private villas - also finished buildings begun by Tiberius - two new aqueducts and circus near Vatican city area...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Significance of Nero's Octagonal Room on Roman Architecture<\/a><\/div>
...64 AD: the great fire of Rome - after the fire, Nero expropriated 300 acres of downtown real estate to build his private Golden House - dug an artificial lake - only one part remains today on the Esquiline hill, which is why it is called the Esquiline wing - dozens of rooms around a five-sided courtyard - octagonal room - the single-most important room in Roman architecture...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
How Capitalism Enabled Small European Countries to Explore and Conquer the World<\/a><\/div>
...credit and capitalism were not unique European inventions - early modern China, India and the Muslim world - some merchants and bankers thought along capitalist lines - however the kings and generals in the palaces and forts of Asia tended to despise merchants and their mercantile way of thinking - most non-European empires of the early modern era financed their wars and activitie...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La visione del mondo della Relativit\u00e0 e della Meccanica Quantistica<\/div>
Scienza fino al 1900<\/a><\/div>
...all'inizio del 20\u00b0 secolo, Lord Kelvin dichiar\u00f2 che non c'\u00e8 niente die nuovo da scoprire in fisica ora, tutto ci\u00f2 che rimane \u00e8 fare misure pi\u00f9 precise- ma invece no, c'erano tantissime cosa e dall'analisi di queste cose nascono due nuove teorie - 1. le teorie della relativit\u00e0 - create da una sola persona, Albert Einstein, in due anni precisi - 1905 la Relativit\u00e0 speciale - 19...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Hadrian's Pantheon<\/a><\/div>
...Pantheon - the word \"pantheon\" is derived from the Ancient Greek \"pantheos\" meaning \"all gods\" - 118-128: built by Hadrian - actually it was rebuilt by Hadrian, originally another Pantheon had been built by Marcus Agrippa during Augustus' reign - the Pantheon one of the greatest architectural masterpieces of all time - most architects would list the Pantheon in the top ten of the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La visione del mondo della Relativit\u00e0 e della Meccanica Quantistica<\/div>
Le due fatti che preoccupano molto Einstein<\/a><\/div>
...il problema della velocita della luce - come funzione un nastro trasportatore? - il nastro trasportatore si muove con una velocit\u00e0 di 2 metri al secondo rispetto al terreno - sul nastro trasportatore ce sono due persone: - 1. una donna - lei sta ferma sul nastro, non cammina sul nastro - e rispetto al nastro, quindi ha una velocit\u00e0 zero - 2. un uomo - lui invece...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Letters to the Corinthians<\/a><\/div>
...1 Corinthians - background - written in 52 or 54 - written from Ephesos (modern day Turkey, across the Aegean Sea from Athens) - not his first letter to them - we know that the Corinthians wrote to Paul - he writes e.g. \"now concerning idol food\" or \"now concerning spiritual gifts\" indicating tha the is responding to topics they had mentioned in their leters - this letter i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Flavian Amphitheater a.k.a. the Roman Colosseum<\/a><\/div>
...the Colosseum - the most famous building constructed by Vespasian - construction began in 70 AD, two years after Nero died - Vespasian died in 79 so never saw it complete - 80 AD: his son Titus completed it and dedicated it to Vespasian - could hold 50,000 people - made of concrete - near the Arch of Constantine - near the Temple of Venus and Roma- location of the Coloss...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La visione del mondo della Relativit\u00e0 e della Meccanica Quantistica<\/div>
Osservazioni incomprensibili che ha portato in meccanica quantistica<\/a><\/div>
...Galileo - se ho dei sistemi che si muovono uno rispetto all'altro, con velocit\u00e0 costante, le leggi della fisica devono rimanere le stesse - se voi state su un treno e qualcosa lasciate cadere, non ve ne accorgete, che state su un treno in movimento - e cio\u00e8 la legge con cui cade questo corpo \u00e8 la stessa- Einstein era preoccupato con due problemi - 1. che la velocit\u00e0 della luce ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Temple of Venus and Roma<\/a><\/div>
...Hadrian - born in 76 AD - emperor at age 41 after serving together with Trajan for a number of years - born in Spain, like Trajan - one of the most educated and most intellectual of the Roman emperors - traveled extensively - reversed Trajan's policy - Trajan involved in many wars and extended empire beyond its reaches - Hadrian was more of a peaceful emperor - concer...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The Arch of Titus<\/a><\/div>
...Arch of Titus - built in 82 AD by Domitian - commemorates Titus' victories including the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD - holes in the letters are where bronze letters were attached - shows parade when Titus returned from Jerusalem - in spandrals, flying female figures of victory - a capital and the column - combines Corinthian but also Ionic, composite capitals - center of ba...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Naturalistic Buddhism<\/a><\/div>
...as with other religions, there are varieties of Buddhism - different varieties of Buddhism in Asia - Western Buddhism - people who weren't born Buddhist but who have chosen to adopt Buddhism - don't pay much attention to the supernatural parts of Buddhism - e.g. being reincarnated as a hungry ghost- naturalistic ideas in Buddhism - what is the human mind? - why do people s...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Relationship Between Capitalism, the Slave Trade, and Free Market Forces<\/a><\/div>
...a common argument for capitalism is that governments should interfere as little as possible with the workings of the markets - reduce taxation to the minimum so as not to take money out of the market - the logic is that markets know far better than governments where to invest the money - this is called a belief in the free market - but it is extremely rare in history that the market w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Notion et caract\u00e9ristiques<\/a><\/div>
...les droits de l'homme - subjectifs - impliquent donc toujours une relation entre deux parties - 1. le titulaire - 2. la personne qui est tenue au respect du droit - une entreprise commerciale peut-elle invoquer les droits de l'homme? - la r\u00e9ponse varie en fonction des syst\u00e8mes de protection - une entreprise de presse peux invoquer la libert\u00e9 d'expression, pour s'opposer...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Industrialization, Energy and Raw Materials<\/a><\/div>
...economic growth is not only dependent on a trust in the future and the willingness of people participating in a capitalist system to reinvest their profits in increasing production, economic growth also requires energy and raw materials - we often hear that energy and raw materials as we know them today will not exist forever, and we wonder what will happen when they run out and as they begin...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Second Agricultural Revolution and its Effect on Animal Treatment<\/a><\/div>
...the industrial revolution was the result of combining cheap and abundant energy and raw materials - this was felt first in agriculture - when thinking of the industrial revolution, we usually think of cities and factories and terrible working conditions - machines such as tractors began to do the work which had been performed by humans and animals or not performed at all - artific...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
America's Entry into World War II<\/a><\/div>
...Critical gambles at the end of 1941 - the grand strategy for the U.S. up to 1941 was \"Germany First\", so why did the war with Japan begin? - America hoped to deter Japan from attacking - put sanctions on Japan constraining oil and vital resources - wanted to keep the Japanese from attacking the Soviet Union, which succeeded (!) - America prodded Japan making it clear that if the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la politique, 1943-1968<\/div>
Sartre: L'\u00catre et le n\u00e9ant<\/a><\/div>
...les probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la politique commence en 1943 - L'\u00catre et le N\u00e9ant (1943) - un essai d'ontologie ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologique - le objectif \u00e9tait d'affirmer que l'existence individuelle pr\u00e9c\u00e8de l'essence individuelle et de d\u00e9montrer que le libre arbitre existe - il faut pour comprendre cet livre de passer par la m\u00e9taphysique singuli\u00e8re de livre - il y a deux sources...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Emergence of the Modern Middle East<\/div>
The Middle East, its Origins, and the Modern Era<\/a><\/div>
...What is the Middle East? - in the Middle East, both geography and time has been defined by outsiders - geography - if you look at cities from the perspective of Istanbul, Cairo or Tel Aviv, it's not apparent that they are in the middle or at the east of anything - the term Middle East makes sense if you are looking at this area of the world from Paris, London or Washington -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la politique, 1943-1968<\/div>
Sartre et la d\u00e9colonisation d'Algiers<\/a><\/div>
...violences du syst\u00e8me colonial - mystification - cet oubli, cette minimisation, cette fa\u00e7on de ne pas voir - jamais celle-ci n'a \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi forte qu'appliqu\u00e9e au syst\u00e8me colonial - la mystification tente de s'en sortir en distinguant les bons des mauvaise colons - entre 1957 et 1961, Sartre s'engage dans la lutte pour la d\u00e9colonisation - la mystification reconduit ces pr\u00e9tend...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Music of the Beatles<\/div>
Hamburg and Liverpool<\/a><\/div>
...1960-1962 Hamburg and Liverpool - the Liverpool scene was extremely active, but was made up of many amateurs who had day jobs, a rich musical environment - conducive to young musicians - pop music in West Germany in late 1950s and early 1960s - Schlager scene - Freddy Quinn - Tommy Kent - Ted Herold (Germany's Elvis) - this was the German version of American Rock a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Ethics of Capitalism and Consumerism<\/a><\/div>
...one of the most important developments in the industrial revolution was the changes that took place in agriculture - it enabled smaller and smaller number of farmers to produce more and more food - this enabled other people to move to the city to start working in offices and producing all kinds of cars, refrigerators, etc. - this created a new problem: - the modern, capitalist econom...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Fondements philosophiques<\/a><\/div>
...D\u00e9claration Universelle des Droits - adopt\u00e9e par l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Nations unies le 10 d\u00e9cembre 1948 \u00e0 Paris au palais de Chaillot - tous les \u00eatres humains naissent libres et \u00e9gaux en dignit\u00e9 et en droits - est normative et non descriptive - ils sont dou\u00e9s de raison et de conscience - la libert\u00e9, l'\u00e9galit\u00e9, la dignit\u00e9 - l'article un de la D\u00e9claration Universelle ne ga...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
WWII: Strategies for Total War<\/a><\/div>
...why did the Allies win WWII? - which model of government would be most effective in mobilizing its resources to pass the ultimate test of survival in an all out war - Germany: War of Annihilation - Nazis had a vision of a New World Order, one in which a master race which they defined would be on top, and all the other races would be subordinate - 1942: large area of Europe under t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The New Nordic Diet <\/div>
The Components of the New Nordic Diet<\/a><\/div>
...why there is a need for a Nordic Diet - many diseases today are diet related - concern for the environment and the planet's health calls for an update for the food culture in many countries- goals are to improve: - health - gastronomic potential - Nordic identity - sustainability- principles - 1. more calories from plant foods and fewer from meat - over the past 50 year...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
La connaissance de Dieu et de soi<\/a><\/div>
...quel est le sens de la vie humaine, il y a deux parties: - 1. connaissance de Dieu - Calvin aime bien ce terme \"la sagesse\" - mais il d\u00e9teste le terme \"th\u00e9ologie\" - si on avait voulu insulter Calvin, la meilleure chose \u00e0 faire, \u00e7a aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 de lui dire: vous n'\u00eates qu'un th\u00e9ologien - Calvin ne cherche pas la th\u00e9ologie, mais il veut \u00e9noncer une sagesse - la vraie sagess...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Emergence of the Modern Middle East<\/div>
Napoleon in Egypt: The Beginning of the Middle Eastern Modern Age<\/a><\/div>
...it is customary in the writing of Middle East history to start the modern era with Napoleon invading Egypt in 1798 - this issued in a long period of rapid and radical change - but there is an assumption that the beginning Middle East history with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt - that the modern era was created through European influence and supremacy on an era that is in decline and stag...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la politique, 1943-1968<\/div>
Camus, Merleau-Ponty et leur relation avec Sartre<\/a><\/div>
...Camus et Merleau-Ponty - a connu avec Sartre une amiti\u00e9 - mais aussi une rupture tr\u00e8s profonde motiv\u00e9e d'abord par des questions politiques - il partagent avec Sartre: le probl\u00e8me de l'existence, c'est \u00e0 dire l'existentialisme - mais qu'ils n'en proposent pas la m\u00eame solution - ils reprennent avec Sartre les termes du probl\u00e8me de l'existence, mais d'un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, ils en changent ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
On Limitless Energy Resources and the Hegemony of Modern Time Schedules<\/a><\/div>
...the industrial revolution gave humankind control of enormous sources of energy and raw materials - this liberated humankind from its dependence on the surrounding ecosystem, humans could now: - cut down forests and jungles - drain swamps - dam rivers - flood plains - lay down tens of thousands of kilometers of roads and railroad tracks - build new and giant cities - h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Art History for Artists, Animators and Gamers<\/div>
Artists and their Contexts Throughout History<\/a><\/div>
...Jacques-Louis David, \"Intervention of the Sabine Women\", 1799 - very complicated painting - very large, almost cinematic in its scale - tells of a complicated story drawn from Roman history - observe the feet of the figures - animators could learn a great deal from Jacques-Louis David since one of the difficulties for artists and animators is to make figures and characters that...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Andy Warhol<\/div>
From Celebrity Fan to Celebrity Magnet<\/a><\/div>
...Andy Warhol's early life - interest in celebrities began at a young age - collected signed portraits of Hollywood stars - Mae West - Shirley Temple - was born in 1928 and grew up in Pittsburgh where he is now buried (died in 1987) - made his name as an artist in the early 1960s - paintings of everyday household objects: Coca Cola bottles, Campbell Soup cans - probably ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9taphysiques \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve de la politique, 1943-1968<\/div>
Simone Weil : le pacifisme \u00e0 l'\u00e9preuve<\/a><\/div>
...la guerre - 1943, les auteurs \u00e9taient au c\u0153ur de la seconde guerre mondiale - la guerre a imprim\u00e9 leur marque sur l'\u00e9criture de la philosophie- Simone Weil - a \u00e9crit les textes entre 1933-1941 - le risque de l'aveuglement - pour fausser son jugement et paralyser son action - elle reste la plus d\u00e9termin\u00e9e des opposantes \u00e0 la guerre - le guerre est une affaire de politique i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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What Managers Can Learn from Great Philosophers<\/div>
Two Types of Change: Perception and Reality<\/a><\/div>
...a CEO is in charge of change - we have to understand the deep nature of change in order to be a good manager of change - Parmenides was convinced that change is not possible - Heraclitus believed in ever-present change - Machiavelli - The Prince, a book about change and resistance of change- to change is a challenge - there are two types of change - 1. the change of rea...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1945: Hour Zero<\/a><\/div>
...Zero Hour, or \"Stunde Null\" - \"everything is destroyed and we are starting over from scratch\"- total war - means if your military situation is unstable, you might not just lose the war, you might lose everything, e.g. be enslaved or murdered- nations in arms - mobilizing men, women and children - everyone in the war effort, everyone working in, for, or around the government - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society<\/div>
What is Design?<\/a><\/div>
...what are artifacts? - objects that were created by humans - as opposed to artifacts found in nature - e.g. a fossil of a fish is an object but not an artifact - in contrast, an ice cream scoop is an object and an artifact - clearly made by humans - the term artifact includes non-physical objects - software - services - business models - processes - design is the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
State\/Market vs. Family\/Community<\/a><\/div>
...one of the most important changes for human life over the last two centuries has been the eroding of the family and community by the industrial revolution, and their replacement by the state and the market - from the earliest times, over a million years ago, humans most always lived in small, intimate communities, most of whose members were related to one another - the cognitive revolutio...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Post WWII: Imagining New Countries<\/a><\/div>
...the state of the world in 1945 - countries that have been completely defeated - Germany - ideologies that have been completely discredited - Nazism - Fascism - millions of people displacedfrom their homes - Jews of Europe migrating to Palestine, a territory under control of a British government mandate - dreams that have been deferred for a long time - 1945 elec...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
La bont\u00e9 du P\u00e8re<\/a><\/div>
...toute la cr\u00e9ation raconte la gloire et la bont\u00e9 de Dieu - gloire et bont\u00e9 sont ces qualit\u00e9s de Dieu et vont de pair - Dieu est celui qui cr\u00e9e et qui donne la vie bien entendu - son amour est encore plus grand que l'amour d'une m\u00e8re pour son enfant - Dieu est la bont\u00e9 m\u00eame - l'Ancien Testament t\u00e9moigne de cela comme le Nouveau - le Christ a beaucoup mieux \u00e9clairci la mis\u00e9ric...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
La dignit\u00e9 humaine selon de Kant<\/a><\/div>
...la dignit\u00e9 humaine est une, voire la valeur fondatrice des droits de l'homme- le pr\u00e9ambule de la Charte des Nations Unies - se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 la dignit\u00e9 et la valeur de la personne humaine - r\u00e9solution 41\/120 - il s'oppose \u00e0 un autre concept, celui du m\u00e9rite - le m\u00e9rite peut se perdre, une personne peut perdre toute consid\u00e9ration sociale - l'histoire abonde d'exemples o\u00f9 on a trait...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Conflicts in Postwar Nation Building<\/a><\/div>
...conflicts in postwar nation building - Germany - divided up into military zones of occupation - no separate East and West Germany yet, just different zones occupied by different armies - Soviet Union - moved west annexing West Ukraine (former East Poland), West Belorussia (former East Poland), Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, liquidating the Baltic Republics which had been created aft...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Feelings and Illusions<\/a><\/div>
...feelings and emotions from the perspective of Buddhism - how can meditation change the way you view your feelings? - when you are angry or have a great emotion, you grasp that feeling of anger as real - but when you meditate or contemplate on those sensations: anger, fear, or anxiety, you experience these feelings of anger as not real, not concrete - in our daily hectic lives, we...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Humankind's Rigid and Violent Past, and Flexible and Peaceful Present<\/a><\/div>
...traditionally throughout history, the social order, no matter what it looked like, was hard and rigid - order implied stability and continuity - swift social revolutions were rare and exceptional - most transformations in human society came about from the accumulation of numerous small steps over decades and centuries - people generally believed that their particular social structur...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Reasons for Our Current Unprecedented Era of International Peace<\/a><\/div>
...last few decades have been characterized by the peaceful collapse of the European empires - these empires have been replaced by dozens of new independent states - this could have created new opportunities for wars between all of these new, independent states - since 1945, however, states generally don't forcibly invade other states anymore as they have throughout history - such conqu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Understanding Russians: Contexts of Intercultural Communication<\/div>
Barnga: A Simulation Game of Cross-Cultural Encounters<\/a><\/div>
...Russians are very proud of their culture, their nation, their history - this is a, of course, complicated statement and not always true - but this pride in culture, nation, and history is a serious component of being Russian - true for other cultures as well - cultures make us emotional, not an object that we study away from us - Barnga - a simulation game of cross-cultural en...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life<\/div>
The Bauby Story<\/a><\/div>
...story: The Diving Bell and the Butterfly - the editor of Elle, leading fashion magazine of France - was driving and had a sudden, massive stroke in his brain stem - left him paralyzed - couldn't point - couldn't swallow - couldn't talk - couldn't move- the way he wrote - often people with the locked-in syndrome can move an eyelid - this was the case with Bauby - an ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
Le Christ comme pr\u00eatre, roi et proph\u00e8te<\/a><\/div>
...la question de l'identit\u00e9 et de l'oeuvre de J\u00e9sus Christ - c'est la question centrale en th\u00e9ologie chr\u00e9tienne - cettes deux th\u00e8mes sont les deux grandes th\u00e9matiques de la christologie de Calvin et de bon nombre d'autres th\u00e9ologiennes et th\u00e9ologiens- pour Calvin - J\u00e9sus le Christ est le r\u00e9dempteur - c'est-\u00e0-dire celui qui sauve - le Christ est m\u00e9diateur en tant qu'il r\u00e9unit ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
The Two Europes That Emerged After WWII<\/a><\/div>
...Marshall Plan - the name was deliberate because George Marshall was considerably more popular than Harry Truman - would raise the odds of getting it through congress - but it was a team effort: - Dean Acheson - played key role - stressed anti-communist message to congress - advocate of free trade - George Kennan - contain Soviet communism and it will \"expire...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Understanding Russians: Contexts of Intercultural Communication<\/div>
History of Intercultural Communication<\/a><\/div>
...intercultural communication history - brought about by the practical demands of the second half of the 20th century world - the discipline emerged as a response to practical demands- our world is the world of globalization - trade across borders - more travel between cultures - developing economies - mass tourism evolved as a new phenomenon in the world - the presence of...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Three Theories on the History of Happiness<\/a><\/div>
...much of humankind today enjoy a wealth that used to be the stuff of fantasies and fairy tales - science and the industrial revolution have given humans superhuman powers and practically limitless energy - many aspects of human life have been completely transformed - the social order - daily life - politics - human psychology- but are we happier? - did the wealth that hum...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
La dignit\u00e9 humaine : Concr\u00e9tisation<\/a><\/div>
...la dignit\u00e9 reste un concept assez abstrait - il ne nous fournit pas une liste concr\u00e8te des droits de l'homme - les droits de l'homme ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finis d'une fa\u00e7on n\u00e9gative \u00e0 traverse exp\u00e9riences concr\u00e8tes de violations et d'injustices - ils sont des r\u00e9ponses concr\u00e8tes \u00e0 des exp\u00e9riences d'injustices- cinq exemples historiques - 1. l'esclavage - l'esclavage est un clair affront ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Kennedy Half Century<\/div>
Kennedy and the Catholic Issue<\/a><\/div>
...after 1960 nominating convention, Kennedy turned to convincing the American people to elect him - Kennedy was popular with the young - elderly were interested in his support of a national health insurance for the aged - picked Lyndon Johnson as running mate - over objections from his brother Bobby - but without Texas and a \"good chunk of the South\", Kennedy could not possible ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Influence of Silver on the Ming Dynasty<\/a><\/div>
...Ming China (1368-1644) - China recovered from Mongol conquests and Black Death in the 13th century with the creation of the Ming Dynasty - became a major importer of silver - from mines in Japan - trade through Manila - from 1570s onward, through supplies in the New World, increasing demand for silver in China - silver coins from the New World, many minted in Mexico from Mexican...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Vital Signs: Understanding What the Body Is Telling Us<\/div>
Basic Heart Anatomy<\/a><\/div>
...heart located right below sternum - between two lungs - in thoracic cavity - enclosed by a membrane layer called the pericardium - lungs are also surrounded by membrane layers - it's very common in the body to have organs surrounded by membranes which help to anchor the organs in position and protect them - located in the mediastinum - contains the heart, the great vessel...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1947 China: Undesirable Communists vs. Flawed Nationalists<\/a><\/div>
...two revolutionary models forming in Asia - 1. Guomindang (GMD) - also known as: Kuomintang (KMT) - Chinese Nationalist Party - current ruling political party in Taiwan - had started as a revolutionary party in the 1920s - national conservative - top-down modernizer - the restorer of ancient Chinese traditions - United States takes a lead in sponsoring Nationalist...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
What is Biological Evolution?<\/a><\/div>
...what is evolution? - evolution means in Latin \"evolutio\", or, \"unrolling\" - in everyday language we use the word evolve in many ways, e.g. attitudes evolve, the earth evolves, ideas evolve, our solar system evolves - however, biologists are much more specific in using the term evolve - not every kind of biological change is an evolutionary change - understanding how evolution ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Qu'est-ce que la planification urbaine?<\/a><\/div>
...il y a une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de planifier la ville - de mani\u00e8re spontan\u00e9e, la ville ne se d\u00e9veloppe pas de mani\u00e8re rationnelle - l\u2019ensemble des strat\u00e9gies, des tactiques individuelles, ne forment pas une ville mais forment un ensemble de strat\u00e9gies - pour int\u00e9grer les populations, int\u00e9grer les activit\u00e9s, les services, les infrastructures au sein d'un m\u00eame espace - mais aussie comme la vill...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
L\u2019\u00e9mergence des droits de l\u2019homme au niveau national<\/a><\/div>
...on entend par droits de l'homme des droits qui sont garantis par le droit international - c'est d'abord au niveau national qu'ils ont fait apparition- le si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res a \u00e9t\u00e9 une \u00e9poque cruciale pour l'\u00e9mergence des droits de l'homme - la naissance des droits de l'homme au si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res est \u00e9troitement li\u00e9e \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie du droit naturel - dans la pens\u00e9e scolastique, le dr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Emergence of the Modern Middle East<\/div>
The Popuation Mosaic of 19th Century Middle East<\/a><\/div>
...groups as the components of societies rather than individuals - Malcom Yapp, 1923: \"Middle Eastern society is composed of various groups whose relationship to each other is like that of pieces in a mosaic. Government recognized the existence of these groups and dealt with them in different ways. There was no assumption that society was composed of individuals who should be treated in a unifor...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Merneptah Stele: The Oldest Reference to Israel<\/a><\/div>
...the history of Israel is a history of defeat and the response to defeat - most concretely, the military and political catastrophe in which the states of Isreal and Judah were destroyed by Assyrians and Babylonians - Israel (9th century BC - 722 BC) - fell to Neo-Assyrian Empire - Judah (8th century BC - 586 BC) - was client-state of Assyria, then Babylon - revolt again Neo-Ba...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Psychological and Biological Happiness<\/a><\/div>
...many theories of happiness base happiness on material factors like health, diet, and wealth - however, many theories of happiness include social, ethical, and spiritual factors as well - in recent decades, psychologists, economists, biologists have taken up the challenge of scientifically studying what makes people happy, and through that, understanding the dynamics of happiness in societ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Imagining Other Earths<\/div>
Dwarf Planets and Beyond, Getting a Feel for Cosmic Distances<\/a><\/div>
...solar system - dwarf planets besides Pluto - Eris - most massive of the dwarf planets - 1% of earth's mass - discovered in 2005 - has one moon Dysnomia - Ceres - the largest object in the asteroid belt, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter - a ball of rock and ice 950 km in diameter, containing a third of the mass of the asteroid belt - the l...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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MongoDB for Node.js Developers<\/div>
MongoDB Introduction<\/a><\/div>
...what is MongoDB - non-relational - doesn't store in tables - stores in JSON documents - key\/value - can also be key\/array - and key\/array(key\/...) - MongoDB is a JSON document store - MongoDB data looks a lot more like the data you have in your programs than relational data does - schemaless - two documents don't need to have the same schema as two SQL rows do...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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MongoDB for Node.js Developers<\/div>
Installing MongoDB\/node.js and Hello Worlds<\/a><\/div>
...installing MongoDB on Mac - mongodb.org\/downloads - always use 64-bit versions - 32-bit are only suitable for development - they limit total amount of data to 4 GB - stable releases are always even, e.g. 2.6.0 - terminal window - tar xvf mongodb-osx-x86_64-2.6.0.tgz - cd into it - bin where the action is - mongo is shell to connect database - mongod runs the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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MongoDB for Node.js Developers<\/div>
MongoDB, node.js, Express and SWIG<\/a><\/div>
...npm - package manager for node.js - `node app.js` - cannot find package - express = require('express') in app.js - so we have do `npm install express` - also requires express and mongodb - we could install these indivually or with package.json - we just have to say `npm install` - installs them in `node_modules` directory - you could also install them globally...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Applications for Android<\/div>
Android Architecture<\/a><\/div>
...android platform - software stack to support phones and tablets - has several layers software from the low-level OS kernel up to key apps - comes from SDK- Android Architecture - Linux Kernal - lowest layer of software - provides core services - permissions - memory and process management - file and network I\/O - device drivers - Android specific services...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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MongoDB for Node.js Developers<\/div>
Basic Querying in MongoDB<\/a><\/div>
...CRUD\/Mongo\/SQL terminology - Create = Insert = INSERT - Read = Find = SELECT - Update = Update = UPDATE - Delete = Remove = DELETE- MongoDB's CRUD operation exist as methods\/functions in programming language APIs - MongoDB does not have a separate language that needs to be embedded as strings inside code that operates on MongoDB - as a developer, you manipulate the database us...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Applications for Android<\/div>
The Android Development Environment<\/a><\/div>
...Android development environment - you need JDK6 - JDK7 will work but is not fully supported by Android- download and install the Android Tools ADT Bundle - latest Android platform - Eclipse + ADT Plugin - latest system image for emulator - run and debug applications - additional development tools - link: http:\/\/developer.android.com\/sdk\/index.html; Android SDK with Eclipse an...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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MongoDB for Node.js Developers<\/div>
More Querying in MongoDB<\/a><\/div>
...sometimes you want a union of operators - use `$or` - ##oroperator - the shell helps you with this by highlighting - `$and` is also available, but there is an easier way to do it in most cases except those are are very complicated - ##andoperator - the following is the case because JavaScript object in the shell will simply replace the second \"score\" with the first - ##lessthan6...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Web Intelligence and Big Data<\/div>
Search and Basic Indexing<\/a><\/div>
...Turing Test - based on 1950s party game where a person takes type-written answers to questions and tries to determine if it was written by a man or a woman - human tries to determine if text is written by human or computer - a CAPTCHA is an example of a Turing Test in reverse- examples of successful artificial intelligence - instant translations of hundreds of texts - object rec...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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MongoDB for Node.js Developers<\/div>
MongoDB CRUD via Node.js<\/a><\/div>
...modifying documents - API for updating can update in various ways: - wholesale replacement - replacement of fields - upserts - updates take two arguments - everything you learned about find is applicable to updates - wholesale replacement - `db.people.update({name : \"Smith\"}, {name : Thompson\", salary : 50000 }` - warning: the other fields will be deleted, it disregards...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Applications for Android<\/div>
Developing an Android App<\/a><\/div>
...four kinds of application components - 1. Activity - users see these - enables users to give and receive - 2. Service - supports long-running background operations - 3. Broadcastreceiver - listens for and responds to device events - 4. Contentprovider - stores and shares data between multiple applications - applications have any number of the above kinds of compone...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Political Reverberations of Ming Consolidation<\/a><\/div>
...16th century China exemplifies the ways in which the arrival of new wealth can lead to new concentrations of authority and power - but it is hard to predict at the outset the affect this wealth will have, not only on the country but on the surrounding political landscape - what was happening in China (Ming dynasty 1368\u20131644) began to have an effect on its surroundings - Japan - hithert...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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MongoDB for Node.js Developers<\/div>
Comparing RDBMS and MongoDB Schema Design<\/a><\/div>
...schema design - in RDBMS it is best to keep it in the third normal form - in Mongo, it is more important to keep the data in a way that the data will be used, e.g. keep together the data that is: - used together - used read-only - written- basic facts of mongodb - rich documents - not just tabular data - can store key\/value - can store arrays - can store compl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Post WWII: The Age of America<\/a><\/div>
...the age of the Americas - 1950s: the United States takes on a particularly important role in shaping world history - 1920s was important for the United States, but most of that was commercial and cultural - in the 1940s, the United States becomes exceptionally important militarily and politically- 1940-1954: formative period - 1940: after the fall of France, the United States decl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Droits de l'homme et droit international<\/a><\/div>
...en 1945 encore, cette id\u00e9e des droits d'hommes paraissait utopique, r\u00e9volutionnaire - l'internationalisation des droits de l'homme a n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 une \u00e9volution importante de l'ordre juridique international- les fondements du droit international classique - le mod\u00e8le classique de droit international est souvent appel\u00e9 le mod\u00e8le westphalien - assurer la coexistance entre les \u00c9tats - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c9l\u00e9ments de G\u00e9omatique<\/div>
M\u00e9thodes de repr\u00e9sentation, acquisition, et gestion<\/a><\/div>
...repr\u00e9sentation - l'\u00e9chelle - petite \u00e9chelle - une carte qui donne une vue d'ensemble \u00e0 une \u00e9chelle du 1:25000i\u00e8me - grande \u00e9chelle - une \u00e9chelle plus grande, comme le plan au 1:1000i\u00e8me - dix m\u00e8tres sur le terrain - les informations vectorielles - des limites de parcelles - l'emprise des b\u00e2timents - les informations Raster - le Raster va attribuer chaque pixel...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Reasons for the Korean War<\/a><\/div>
...the Korean War (1950-1953) - it's important not to see the Cold War as just a simplistic linear story of two sides in conflict with each other - the character of this confrontation in 1949-1950 changed much of how the world progressed in the subsequent decades - this is a pivotal point in world history - in 1949, important parts of Europe and Asia are being organized around complet...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Applications for Android<\/div>
The Activity Class<\/a><\/div>
...resources - layout files - specifies what some part of your application will look like - these are XML files - in `res\/layout\/\\.xml` - access them in Java as `R.layout.layout_name` - access them by other resources as `@layout\/layout_name` - you can have multiple layout files which android can choose from at runtime based on your configuration - e.g. `main.xml` - Re...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Services for Android Handheld Systems<\/div>
Concurrency Challenges<\/a><\/div>
...prime reason for concurrency - leveraging advances in hardware and software - it's hard to buy a computing device that has just one core - today there are even quad-core Android phones- historically - event driven architecture - one thread - for blocking operations, had to post on message queue, then handle it later on an event loop - awkward to program - hard to optim...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Karl der Gro\u00dfe - Pater Europae<\/div>
Karlsbilder<\/a><\/div>
...Wer war Karl der Gro\u00dfe? - in seiner Zeit war er unterschiedlich gesehen von unterschiedlichen Gruppen: - von den Bisch\u00f6fen seine Reiches - \"Garant einer Christlichen Weltordnung\" - von den Gelehrten an seinem Hof\"F\u00f6rderer der Wissenschaften\" - dem Papst - \"Schutzherr der R\u00f6mischen Kirche\" - von seinen unterworfenen V\u00f6lkern - \"Karl der Eroberer\" - von den ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Applications for Android<\/div>
Fields of the Intent Class<\/a><\/div>
...the intent class is basically a data structure - it serves two purposes in Android: - 1. specifies an operation - 2. represent an event that has occurred in the system that you want to notify other components about- intents are a kind of language for specifying operations that you want to have performed - give you an easy way to say: - \"I want to select a contact\" - \"I want to ta...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The First Two Noble Truths<\/a><\/div>
...which recording artist sang the most Buddhist song in recording history? - Mick Jagger - \"I can't get no satisfaction\" - if you've read much Buddhist literature you probably don't recall running into that phrase, because I don't think it's there - but Mick Jagger's song captures the spirit of Buddhism's First Noble Truth, or \"Duhka\" is usually translated into English as \"The Truth ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
L'Esprit sanctificateur<\/a><\/div>
...Calvin est un des plus coh\u00e9rents th\u00e9ologiens du Saint-Esprit - la doctrine du Saint-Esprit constitue plus des deux tiers de l'ensemble - la doctrine du Saint-Esprit exprime quelque chose de tout \u00e0 fait central pour Calvin - le Saint-Esprit est pr\u00e9sent d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but - le Saint-Esprit veut dire dans la pens\u00e9e de Calvin, Dieu, en tant qu'il est \u00e0 l'oeuvre; Dieu en tant qu'il agit - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
How WWIII was Avoided in the Korean War<\/a><\/div>
...the Korean War intensified in a way that it felt as though WWIII was about to begin - WWII had two theaters which eventually combined and became a global war - people in 1950 still had this in mind - June 1950, Korean War starts - September 1950: Americans get enough forces so that they can turn the tide - America controls the air and the sea - launches a high-risk invasion...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Applications for Android<\/div>
Android Permissions<\/a><\/div>
...Android uses permissions to protect resources - which applications can use cost-sensitive APIs, e.g. SMS - protects user information - system resources such as the camera- permissions are represented as strings - stored in `AndroidManifest.xml` file- when application wants to use a permissions - specifies a `uses-permission` tag in `AndroidManifest.xml` file - when user inst...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fundamentos de la escritura en espa\u00f1ol<\/div>
Divisi\u00f3n sil\u00e1bica<\/a><\/div>
...la divisi\u00f3n sil\u00e1bica es la pieza clave en este rompecabezas de la acentuaci\u00f3n- \u00bfqu\u00e9 es una s\u00edlaba? - un sonido o grupo de sonidos que se pronuncian en una emisi\u00f3n de voz - al pronunciar las palabras, hacemos estas divisiones sil\u00e1bicas, que notar\u00e1s cuando las dices lentamente - veamos: - ca-f\u00e9 - s\u00e1ns-cri-to - es-cri-to-rio - a-ro-ma - las s\u00edlabas no tienen que ve...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Canaan as Outback between Mesopotamia and Egypt Civilization Centers<\/a><\/div>
...many references of early Israel are found in Egypt - defeat, subjugation, conquest and destruction stand at the beginning of Israel's history - these kinds of events also mark the pivotal events in Israel's history - Israel's experience of defeat is closely tied to the rise and fall of empires throughout the ancient Near East - so to understand the history of Israel, you need to un...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Programming Mobile Applications for Android<\/div>
The Fragment Class<\/a><\/div>
...fragments were added to Android 3.0 to better support interfaces for devices with larger screens - some of the design heuristics that made sense for smaller phone display no longer work - example application: quote viewer - two activities - 1. shows titles of Shakespeare plays - 2. when title is selected, a quote from that play is shown - this is an appropriate interface ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fundamentos de la escritura en espa\u00f1ol<\/div>
Regla general de acentuaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/div>
...todas las palabras polis\u00edlabas del espa\u00f1ol, o sea, con m\u00e1s de una s\u00edlaba, tienen una s\u00edlaba que se pronuncia con m\u00e1s intensidad - esta es la s\u00edlaba t\u00f3nica o la s\u00edlaba con el acento pros\u00f3dico - a-NUN-cio - co-MI\u00c9N-do-se-las - tu-C\u00c1N- solo en algunas circunstancias la s\u00edlaba que se pronuncia con m\u00e1s intensidad tendr\u00e1 que llevar un acento escrito o tilde - va a depender de su pos...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Data Science<\/div>
Scalability Basics<\/a><\/div>
...what does scalability mean? - operationally - in the past, \"scale up\" - needs to work even if data doesn't fit in main memory on one machine - need to bring in data, work on it, then bring in more data, work on it, etc. - what was important was the size of the memory footprint - this was \"out of core\" processing of large datasets - but this began to not be enough sinc...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fundamentos de la escritura en espa\u00f1ol<\/div>
Hiatos y diptongos<\/a><\/div>
...hemos visto que - 1. cada s\u00edlaba cuenta con una vocal - 2. podemos tener dos o tres vocales juntas- ahora veremos c\u00f3mo decidir\u00e1s si marcar la tilde o no en este tipo de palabras - hay dos tipos de vocales - vocales abiertas (a, e, o) - vocales cerradas (i, u) - no tenemos diptongos o triptongos formados solamente con vocales abiertas (a, e, o) - cuando tengas la conjunci\u00f3n ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fundamentos de la escritura en espa\u00f1ol<\/div>
Acento diacr\u00edtico: monos\u00edlabos<\/a><\/div>
...el acento diacr\u00edtico causa m\u00e1s confusi\u00f3n en cuesti\u00f3n de acentuaci\u00f3n - esa es la tilde que a veces vemos y a veces no vemos en la misma palabra - mais no es la misma palabra - la tilde diacr\u00edtica se usa precisamente para diferenciar dos palabras que aparentan ser la misma - pero que realmente tienen, no solo otro significado, sino que se pronuncian con diferente intensidad dentro ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1950-1952: The Cold War Comes to Main Street<\/a><\/div>
...societies all over the world by the early 1950s were realizing that WWIII had almost come in the Korean War, and could now come at any time - societies began to prepare for WWIII and to survive WWIII- what did the general sense that WWIII was coming do to political culture? - overwhelming national mobilization - profound insecurity that general war could come at any time - futu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1950-1954: The H-Bomb and the Nuclear Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...at first the atom bomb was just a colossal kind of destructive force, but then they became bigger than that - from 1945 to 1949 only the United States had them - this was a reassuring monopoly - the Americans didn't feel that they had to build up the rest of their conventional forces as much - considered putting atomic bombs and this technology under international control - a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
An Introduction to the French Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...the half century after 1760 was one of the most tumultuous and significant periods in European, American, and world history - at the heart of this extraordinary half-century of upheaval is the French Revolution - a time of social, political, economic, and military upheaval- Louis XVI - 1774: his coronation at the age of 20 - came to the throne in a time of upheaval: bad crop...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fundamentos de la escritura en espa\u00f1ol<\/div>
Acento diacr\u00edtico: palabras interrogativas<\/a><\/div>
...la tilde diacr\u00edtica se usa para diferenciar dos palabras que aparentan ser la misma - pero que realmente tienen diferente significado - se pronuncian con diferente intensidad dentro de la oraci\u00f3n- se necesita un tilde en las palabras interrogativas qu\u00e9, c\u00f3mo, cu\u00e1ndo, cu\u00e1nto, d\u00f3nde, cu\u00e1l, cu\u00e1n - se tildan estas palabras cuando directa o indirectamente tienen un valor interrogativ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1950s: Loosening Empires and Building Confederations<\/a><\/div>
...the ways in which governments organized themselves began changing significantly in the 1950s - in the mid-1950s, apart from India and Indonesia, the main empires are mainly still there - British Commonwealth - independent states that still regard the Queen as their sovereign - dedicated to their common heritage - political cooperation - French colonial empire - still...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The Essentials of 18th Century France<\/a><\/div>
...contemporary Paris - we are used to a France that is dominated by Paris - today 1 in 7 people in France live in Paris and its suburbs - 2.3 million people - Paris was almost fully rebuilt in the middle of the 19th century- 18th century Paris - a far more congested, medieval city of winding, narrow streets - was much smaller - only 1 in 40 people in France lived in Paris...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Fundamentos de la escritura en espa\u00f1ol<\/div>
Casos especiales<\/a><\/div>
...aquellas palabras formadas por dos o m\u00e1s voces simples - pelapapas - pela + papas - veintid\u00f3s - formado por veinte + dos - arco\u00edris - la uni\u00f3n de arco + iris - baloncesto - compuesto de bal\u00f3n + cesto - te\u00f3rico-pr\u00e1ctico - formada por te\u00f3rico y pr\u00e1ctico, pero unidas con un guion - para saber qu\u00e9 lleva tilde y qu\u00e9 no en estos casos, tenemos que saber que en la for...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The French Revolution<\/div>
18th Century French Clergy and Nobility<\/a><\/div>
...18th century France was a society based on a medieval conception of three estates (orders): - 1. clergy - duty was to pray and worship - 2. nobility - duty was to fight and protect - 3. commons - duty was to obey and work- the privileged orders were the clergy and nobility - 1. clergy - 140,000 people - 0.5% of the total population - regular clergy - 26,000...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Pensamiento Cient\u00edfico<\/div>
Edad Antigua<\/a><\/div>
...la ciencia trata de entender al mundo - ha desarrollado m\u00e9todos para tratar de distinguir entre distintas explicaciones posibles - podr\u00edamos decir que trata de buscar verdades - al entender mejor las cosas podemos tratar de controlarlas - la palabra ciencia viene del lat\u00edn 'scientia' que quiere decir conocimiento - podemos decir que la ciencia trata de la generaci\u00f3n, la verifica...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
Measuring Human Happiness<\/a><\/div>
...in Huxley's Brave New World, everyone takes drugs given out for free by the government in order to be happy - most people see this to be a monstrous future scenario, but it's difficult to say why, since in the scenario, everyone in the world is happy, so what could be wrong with that? - the reason why this scenario makes us uneasy is that the definition of happiness in the novel is simplifi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Pensamiento Cient\u00edfico<\/div>
Una Breve Historia de la Ciencia<\/a><\/div>
...la historia necesariamente es parcial e incompleta - se domina la agricultura - se generaron los conocimientos necesarios para la vida en las grandes ciudades y la expansi\u00f3n de los primeros imperios - las civilizaciones antiguas se formaron un poco despu\u00e9s del desarrollo de la agricultura - les permiti\u00f3 a nuestros ancestros pasar de ser n\u00f3madas a sedentarios - para dominar la ag...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Emergence of Life<\/div>
Reductionism vs. Holism<\/a><\/div>
...scientific approach of the world - 1. at some level, no matter how complex our object of study gets, any system is understandable - 2. scientific ideas are subject to change - scientific theories can stand the test of time in terms of being evaluated, but they can always be replaced by or accompanied by other testable theories - 3. scientific knowledge is durable - the more a t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
The Emergence of the Third World<\/a><\/div>
...the Suez Canal background tension - how does the United States reconcile its anti-communist goals with the imperialist goals of the British and French - imperial interests are creating colonial rebellions that are playing into the hands of the communists - the United States wants to be on the side of aspiring nationalists for the sake of its anti-communist confederation - that pu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Buddhism as Rebellion Against Natural Selection's Agenda<\/a><\/div>
...Buddhism writing teaches - the source of unsatisfactoriness is our craving and our attempt to hang on to pleasurable things that don't last - the biological mechanics of craving show that we focus on and anticipate pleasure - we tend to forget that pleasures we will last only a very short time - when eating pleasant food, we don't literally think that the pleasure will last forever...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Three Centers of Early Jewish History<\/a><\/div>
...Egyptian interest in the Levant can be traced back very early in Egypt's history - back to Stone Age (3.4 million years to 3100 BC) - civilization had developed in two epicenters: - 1. Mesopotamia - 2. Nile Delta - rivers in these areas were the main reason for the civilizational competition in the Ancient Near East between these two areas - this duality will continue to deter...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Karl der Gro\u00dfe - Pater Europae<\/div>
Die Entstehung des Frankenreiches und der Aufstieg der Karolinger<\/a><\/div>
...die Herkunft der Franken - zahlreich, lebten an der Grenzen des r\u00f6mischen Reiches - w\u00e4hrend des R\u00fcckzuges der R\u00f6mer herausbildete sich aus dem besetzten Teil Germaniens durch B\u00fcndnisse mehrerer Kleinst\u00e4mme - 260 AD erstmals im r\u00f6mischen Quellen erw\u00e4hnt - das Land war \"Francia\" - 358 AD siedelte Fr\u00e4nkische St\u00e4mme im Nord-Brabant (Niederlanden) innerhalb des Imperiums - sie erhi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Learning How to Learn<\/div>
Focused and Diffuse Modes of Thinking<\/a><\/div>
...examples of bringing ideas from diffuse mode into focus mode - Salvador Dal\u00ed - would fall asleep in his chair with his keys dangling in his hands - when he began dreaming his grasp would relax and he would drop his keys - the keys falling to the floor would wake him up - he would rush to his painting and paint the ideas from his dream onto his painting - Thomas Edison - w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1958-1962: The World at the Brink<\/a><\/div>
...1958-1962: the years of maximum crisis during the Cold War - 1957: Sputnik - the curtain raiser for this four-year period - USSR demonstrates its ability to launch heavy missiles and put things into space - October 4, 1957: Sputnik - circled globe at 18,000 M.P.H. - was crossing the United States - 1958 crises - 1. Middle East crisis - Iraq - monarchy that had...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
The Future of Cyborgs and Robots<\/a><\/div>
...cyborg engineering - combining organic and inorganic parts such as a human with bionic hands - in a sense all of us are cyborgs today since our natural senses and functions are supplemented and improved by eyeglasses, pace-makers, synthetic teeth, plastic hips, or metal screws in our joints - however, in the future, this process is likely to go much further - we are likely to have ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
18th China Resurgent as Qing Dynasty<\/a><\/div>
...as the Ming Dyansty ends, China does not follow the fate of India - India faced a slow corrosion to Mugal authority - the new Qing dynasty that was created in China in the wake of the Manchu invasions (1627, 1636) - China was in many respects the world's superpower at the time - the Ming dynasty fadedsuperpower - agrarian expansion - climate change - people fleeing...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Third World Proxy Wars of the 1950s and 1960s<\/a><\/div>
...four regions of the world into the 1960s - Southeast Asia - communism vs. non-communism is an issue all over Southeast Asia - Communist North Vietnam is trying to help South Vietnamese dissidents overthrow the South Vietnamese government - Malaysia and Indonesia also have communist parties - connected to Chinese who have migrated there - Middle East - the superpowers a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
Calvin est la pr\u00e9destination<\/a><\/div>
...la doctrine de la pr\u00e9destination - Calvin est principalement le th\u00e9ologien de la pr\u00e9destination - pour quelques th\u00e9ologiens ce serait la th\u00e9matique centrale dans sa pens\u00e9e - pour d'autres, la doctrine de la pr\u00e9destination n'est qu'un d\u00e9tail de sa pens\u00e9e, sans importance majeure - en fait la doctrine de la pr\u00e9destination se trouve, en effet, dans le troisi\u00e8me livre de l'Institution...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
Los periodos de la historia de Egipto<\/a><\/div>
...el cuarto milenio antes de Cristo - las tres etapas centrales de la historia de Egipto - Reino Antiguo - Reino Medio - Reino Nuevo - los ingleses y los italianos - kingdom - regno - los franceses y los alemanes - empire - reich - la tradici\u00f3n egiptol\u00f3gica espa\u00f1ola - reino - porque un imperio siempre es un reino y en cambio un reino no necesariamente...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The Importance of Regionalism and Locality in 18th Century France<\/a><\/div>
...the tension between the center and the provinces - this tensions is crucial in understanding the course of the French Revolution and its outcomes - agriculture - subsistence poly-culture - no national or international market as there is today - surrounding forest provided crucial firewood - languages - only a minority of people spoke French in daily life - e.g. in ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Emergence of Life<\/div>
Philosophical Benchmarks in Science<\/a><\/div>
...what does science provide us? - Socrates (470BC-399BC) - one of the great heroes of scientific endeavor - society was hierarchical - Socrates employed critical free thought to this hierarchical society and its ideas - use reason and discuss - dialectical method - learning through disciplined, rigorous, and thoughtful dialogue and logically defending one's ideas durin...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
Managerial States and the Transnational Disruption of 1968<\/a><\/div>
...middle of 1960s Cold War begins to decay - settles into its second decade - relations become routine - both sides stepped back from the brink of the Cuban Missile Crisis - both sides seem to want to make the conflict just a part of ordinary life - popular culture reactions - movies - 1964: Fail Safe - about a nuclear crisis where the Soviets are not the villains and th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Pensamiento Cient\u00edfico<\/div>
La ciencia en la Edad Media<\/a><\/div>
...periodos hist\u00f3ricos - la Edad Antigua concluy\u00f3 con la ca\u00edda del Imperio romano - la edad moderna comenz\u00f3 con la ca\u00edda de Constantinopla, el descubrimiento de Am\u00e9rica y el Renacimiento- Edad Antigua - se desarrollaron m\u00e9todos para la preservaci\u00f3n y propagaci\u00f3n del conocimiento - escritura y papel - la vida en las grandes ciudades permit\u00eda la especializaci\u00f3n de distintos oficio...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
La protection diplomatique et des droits de l'homme<\/a><\/div>
...plusieurs institutions de l'ordre juridique international ont favoris\u00e9 l'internationalisation des droits de l'homme - 1. la lutte contre la traite des esclaves et contre l'esclavage - au dix-neuvi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, \u00e0 l'\u00e9largissement du cercle des destinataires des droits de l'homme - elle n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 confin\u00e9e au sein des \u00c9tats, elle a aussi eu une dimension internationale - sur le plan inte...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Emergence of the Modern Middle East<\/div>
Middle East Economy in the 19th Century<\/a><\/div>
...19th century Middle East - population approximately 30 million - Iran: 6 million - Ottoman territories: 24 million - Egypt: 3.5 million - since 1800, Egypt's population has increased 25 times - in 1800, the Middle East was underpopulated, today it is highly populated - population was kept low - wars that continuously broke out between the Ottomans and the Persians, ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The French Revolution<\/div>
The Contribution of the Philosophes to the French Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...17th century France had many characteristics of an older France - hundreds of years of state building had allowed many regional exceptions and exemptions and particularities to develop in terms of administration - characterized by local authorities and regional ties - this continually frustrated royal government to run an efficient kingdom - but these conditions can't be said to ha...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1970s Obstacles to Reducing Cold War Tensions<\/a><\/div>
...large bureaucracies produced by the Cold War began show signs of inefficiencies - socialist economy models were beginning to show signs of erosian - the feeling that both socialist and capitalist governments were become too big, bureaucratic entities engaged in a military competition - the inflation of 1970s - governments are spending and printing too of money - common economic ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Pensamiento Cient\u00edfico<\/div>
La Edad Moderna y la revoluci\u00f3n sient\u00edfica<\/a><\/div>
...la revoluci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica - hubo muchos eventos que marcaron el inicio de la Edad Moderna - la ca\u00edda de Constantinopla - motiv\u00f3 la exploraci\u00f3n de rutas alternas hacia Oriente - lo cual llevo al descubrimiento y a la colonizaci\u00f3n de Am\u00e9rica, inicialmente por Espa\u00f1a y Portugal - seguidas de Inglaterra, Francia, Holanda y Suecia - los musulmanes fueron expulsados de la P...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Amarna Letters and Egypt's Presence in Canaan During the New Kingdom<\/a><\/div>
...Egypt's imperial presence in the late 2nd millennium - this is the New Kingdom Period 1550-1077 - Thutmose III (1479 - 1425 BC) - has been called the Napoleon of ancient Egypt - greatest military leader in Egyptian history - no record tells of him losing a battle - erected many buildings - several obelisks (e.g. those now in Rome and London) - conducted tours as fa...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
18th Century Tea Trade, Leisure Time, and the Spread of Knowledge<\/a><\/div>
...17th century - spaces in Afro-Eurasia began to be filled in by competing empires - colonization of distant lands increased this velocity - particularly after: - 1644 China: beginning of Qing dynasty - 1648 Europe: signing of the Peace of Westphalia - regimes resolved inner conflicts, but this intensified the external conflicts with other empires - led to a shift in the w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
La piedra de Palermo<\/a><\/div>
...la piedra de Palermo - se guarda hoy en el Museo de Palermo en Sicilia - nadie sabe muy bien como lleg\u00f3 hasta ah\u00ed - es un documento de una importancia excepcional - es un fragmento - es un trozo de piedra bas\u00e1ltica - es debi\u00f3 ser mucho m\u00e1s grande y mucho m\u00e1s completo - tenemos otros fragmentos de este gran documento - un fragmento que se guarda hoy en el Museo del Cairo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The French Revolution<\/div>
What were People of 18th Century France Reading?<\/a><\/div>
...what were people in 18th century France reading? - Encyclop\u00e9die - this work had a price that only a thin section of society could hope to afford - Rousseau - his most radical and revolutionary works were not comparatively popular - \u00c9mile, ou De l\u2019\u00e9ducation - Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique - Daniel Mornet in the 1900s reviewed 500 libraries of people ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Les droits de l'homme et le droit international humanitaire<\/a><\/div>
...deux domaines des droits1. les droits de l'homme2. droit international humanitaire- droit international humanitaire - autres noms - droit de la guerre - droit des conflits arm\u00e9s - est une branche du droit international public - contient des r\u00e8gles visant \u00e0 apporter des solutions aux probl\u00e8mes humanitaires que l'on rencontre dans des situations de conflits arm\u00e9s, qu'ils...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The End of Egyptian Imperial Control<\/a><\/div>
...300 years after the fall of the Egyptian New Kingdom - the states of Israel and Judah to take shape - also Aram Damascus, Ammon, Moab, and Edom - at fall of New Kingdom (1050BC) - the reforms of Akhenaten had drawn Egypt out of international affairs - Ramside Period (ending of the New Kingdom up to 1050BC) - Egypt started to make its presence felt again in the Levant...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Art History for Artists, Animators and Gamers<\/div>
The Importance of Artist Communities and Networks<\/a><\/div>
...communities and networks - artists and creative people need communities and networks in order to flourish - the history of much of modern art is a history of people who either found their community and their networks or they didn't - this wasn't always the case - Still Life with Oysters, a Silver Tazza, and Glassware - Willem Claesz Heda, 1635 - Netherlands - is painting in...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1970s Democratic Socialism Becomes a Non-Choice<\/a><\/div>
...direction of global economy in 1970s - the social democracy model failing - the model of big companies, big government, big unions doesn't seem to be working culturally or economically - capitalism being questioned - 1975, Time Magazine cover, \"Can Capitalism Survive?\" - 1980, Time Magazine cover, \"Is Capitalism Working?\" - the rise of communist parties in Western Europe -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Cook and Clive: Discoverers, Collectors and Conquerors of the Enlightenment<\/a><\/div>
...the 18th century brought about a blurring of the relationships between collecting and conquest - Robert Clive - as Captain Cook was an icon of discovery, Robert Clive was an icon of discovery in its relationship with conquest, particularly in Bengal - rose up through the ranks of the East-India Company - Battle of Plassey (1757) - decisive victory of the British East India ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Pensamiento Cient\u00edfico<\/div>
Edad Contempor\u00e1nea<\/a><\/div>
...la Edad Contempor\u00e1nea - se dieron avances vertiginososo en la generaci\u00f3n de conocimiento - han transformado nuestra sociedad - la Revoluci\u00f3n industrial - la Revoluci\u00f3n Francesa - la independencia de las colonias de Am\u00e9rica - la colonizaci\u00f3n europea - de \u00c1frica - parte de Asia - la ciencia comenz\u00f3 a institucionalizarse - fue m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de las universidades - se...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The Eightfold Path and the Matrix<\/a><\/div>
...first two noble truths - the bad news and good news respectively - the bad news is that life is full of unsatisfactoriness - the good news is that we have at least isolated the cause: craving, clinging to things that don't last - third and fourth noble truth - more good news and then some bad news - the third noble truth tells us what the cure is, i.e. the abandonment of cr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Configuring the World<\/div>
Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand<\/a><\/div>
...Adam Smith (1723-1790) - studied in Glasgow and Oxford - 1746 returned to Scotland - taught at Edinborough and Glasgow- concept of the Invisible Hand - forces that allow a system that is fueled by personal satisfaction and the pursuit of profit to produce results that are beneficial for a society as a whole - the competition between buyers and sellers, each motivated by the maxi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The Atlantic Democratic Revolution and the Republic of Letters<\/a><\/div>
...how the world of the Atlantic contributed to the French Revolution - the French Atlantic seaports - Nantes - La Rochelle - Bordeaux - part of triangular trade across the Atlantic - 1. Britain, France, Spain - 2. colonies - 3. slave trade from West Africa - this triangular trade was essential to the dynamics of the world economy - the importance of the Atlantic...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Pensamiento Cient\u00edfico<\/div>
\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la verdad?<\/a><\/div>
...durante todos estos siglos la ciencia ha generado m\u00faltiples conocimientos - han dado muchos beneficios a la humanidad - una red de comunicaci\u00f3n global - s\u00f3lo en el \u00faltimo siglo se ha duplicado la esperanza de vida en todo el planeta- todav\u00eda hay much\u00edsimas preguntas que la ciencia no puede responder - la econom\u00eda - la ecolog\u00eda - el cerebro - las relaciones humanas- ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Maps of Historical Biblical Regions<\/a><\/div>
...Assyrian Empire (911 BC - 612 BC) - between Greece to Persia - from Egypt to the Black Sea - two main cultural centers - in the East: Mesopotamia - has been an area of civilization - writing - in the West: Egypt - higher culture on the Nile - Israel - served as a land bridge between Mesopotamia and Egypt - when the cultural center in the West wanted to a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Strains on the Universality of the Enlightenment<\/a><\/div>
...people in the 18th and early 19th century had to consider what they wanted to do with all this new information, artifacts, discoveries, and inventions - new information came in from far-flung corners of the world - a challenge of this age was to repackage this information and derive new laws which made sense of it all - new kinds of institutions to organize knowledge - 1838: Royal ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
1780s France Financial Crisis and its Repercussions<\/a><\/div>
...two major political events that affected France leading up to the French Revolution - 1763: After French and Indian War, French expelled from North America and being reduced to its key colonies in the Caribbean - 1776: France aided America in the War of Independence from Britain - its actions in 1781 were crucial to the American colonists because the French navy effectively blockaded Ch...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1980s Political Polarization<\/a><\/div>
...1970s: looking for new ideas to get out of the economic malaise - economic liberalism - instead of larger government control of the economy, retreat from a government role in the economy - Milton Friedman, 1975 interview - he calls himself a liberal as in freedom instead of a conservative as in conserving the current economic practices - says its a mistake to judge policies ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Interview with Bill Deaver<\/a><\/div>
...Bill Deaver - American archaeologist specializing in the history of Israel and the Near East in Biblical times - 1966: Ph.D. from Harvard - 1975 to 2002: Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Arizona in Tucson - books - \"The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel\" - Deals with the 8th century BC and shows how those people whose lives are ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
La geograf\u00eda del Alto y Bajo Egipto<\/a><\/div>
...Egipto, como escribe Her\u00f3doto, es un don del Nilo - Her\u00f3doto se refer\u00eda al Delta, a toda la parte bajo-Egipcia - si el Nilo no hubiera existido, en la actualidad esta parte de la Sierra ser\u00eda un desierto absolutamente \u00e1rido- el Nilo - el r\u00edo m\u00e1s largo del mundo - seis mil kil\u00f3metros - las fuentes del Nilo son dobles - 1. el Nilo Blanco, que nace de los lagos del \u00c1frica Cen...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Designing Cities<\/div>
Cities before the Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...cities in the per-industrial revolution - in older cities, you can see signs of cities of hundreds of years ago just by walking around - but even in newer cities, you can see aspects which have these roots - in the earliest settlements - people simply gathered around the campfire - house emerged around it - settlements developed in this informal process- at least 3000 years a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Dinosaur Paleobiology<\/div>
How are Dinosaurs Different than Other Animals?<\/a><\/div>
...paleontology - began as an organized study of knowledge in the 19th century - ways of studying dinosaurs - fossils - comes from the Latin fossilis which means \"dug up\" from fodere or \"dig\" - comparative biology - uses natural variation and disparity to understand the patterns of life at all levels - genetic analysis- we still have thousands of species of dinosaurs liv...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
Why We Needed a Constitution<\/a><\/div>
...Independence Hall in Philadelphia - Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence - on July 4, 1776 congress met here and approved it - that was the beginning of the American nation - after the Declaration came the Revolutionary War - 1781: ratification of the Articles of Confederation - the first, but failed, attempt at a national government - 1787 deleg...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Israel, Judah, and the Campaign of Shishak<\/a><\/div>
...during the early Iron Age - 1200 BC - 1000 BC - kingdoms of Ephraim and Judah experiences the building of many new villages - the Tribe of Ephraim was one of the Tribes of Israel - very small, 15 inhabitants per place - no public community building or administration buildings - archeologists can't find defense systems or military fortifications - perhaps they didn't have e...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Emergence of the Modern Middle East<\/div>
19th Century Ottoman Empire Politics<\/a><\/div>
...19th century Middle East politics - governments were diverse and minimal - governments recognized the existence of groups and not individuals - each group was governed in different ways and by different laws - Muslims followed the Sharia - Christians and Jews followed their ecclesiastical or legal frameworks - tribesmen had their own modes of settling disputes - foreigner...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Mindful Meditation<\/a><\/div>
...meditation - comes easily to some people, for others it is rather difficult - often people meditate many times without feeling it is sufficiently rewarding to sustain the practice - people go on mediation retreats to focus on learning how to meditate and learn practices which they carry on in their daily lives later - it is more or less a lot of work to learn how to meditate to a point...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
La neolitizaci\u00f3n del valle del Nilo<\/a><\/div>
...nos situamos cronol\u00f3gicamente en el paso del Pleistoceno al Holoceno - hacia el diez mil antes de Cristo - Pleistoceno - comienza hace 2,59 millones de a\u00f1os y finaliza aproximadamente 10.000 a\u00f1os - Holoceno - 10.000 hasta el tiempo presente- Sahara - un periodo de extrema aridez fr\u00eda correspondiendo a la \u00faltima glaciaci\u00f3n en Europa - las condiciones clim\u00e1ticas hicieron imp...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Omride Dynasty<\/a><\/div>
...Biblical authors - wrote from a southern Judahite perspective - had little to say about the northern kingdom's cultural, military and political achievements - although they give glimpses of it - in contrast to the single, Davidic dynasty of Judah, Israel witnesses a succession of dynasties - each lasted only two or three generations - the Omride dynasty - most successful dy...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The Third Estate in Revolt<\/a><\/div>
...the Third Estate - King Louis XVI required the members of the three estates to formulate lists of grievances - also lifted constraints on freedom of press - so that debates would be freer, more open and more fertile - Abb\u00e9 Siey\u00e8s (SEE-yez) takes advantage of this - from common birth - brilliant young man but experienced frustration because the fact of his common birth mea...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
Creating the Constitution<\/a><\/div>
...the Revolution succeeded by the Articles of Confederation failed - there is a tension between these first two lessons of American history - the delegates represent states with many different views - the Revolution teaches that a general government can become tyrannical and the states can stand up to defend the liberty of their citizens - the failure of the Articles of Confederatio...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
El cementerio HK6 de Hierac\u00f3mpolis<\/a><\/div>
...yacimiento predin\u00e1stico de Hierac\u00f3mpolis y su cementerio - un \u00e1rea arque\u00f3logica muy extensa - donde el Nilo hace un meandro - donde lleva su curso primero hacia el este - es la zona de la actual cuidad de Luxor, antigua Tebas - donde a principios de Nagada II, surgieron las primeras entidades estatales, los primeros estados tempranos del valle del Nilo - Nagada III - 3100...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Designing Cities<\/div>
Cities in the Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...while every city before the Industrial Revolution had a different location and culture, pre-industrial cities also had a lot in common - if a resident of 5th century BC Athens were transported to London in 1750, the difference would have been amazing but still understandable - sailing boats - horse drawn carts - buildings only a few stories high - but if you transport the same pers...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Dinosaur Paleobiology<\/div>
Dinosaur Skeletons<\/a><\/div>
...most of what we know about dinosaurs comes from their skeletons - in order to understand dinosaurs, we need to understand how skeletons are put together - luckily we have a great learning resource: our own skeletons - dinosaurs and humans have basically the same skeletons - they have the same bones in the same places - the bones may be used for different purposes and therefore...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Enlightenment, Empire, and Colonization: Burke vs. Hastings<\/a><\/div>
...science of the 18th century - new laws of - economics - social sciences - it occurred to people that these sciences could be used to make societies more efficient than they had been - instead of these pellmell, piled- upon, amalgamations of ad hoc rules and practices that juggernaut empires had invented and arrived at over the centuries - by the time they were in competition w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The Default Mode Network<\/a><\/div>
...much recent research has been about the brain and meditation - increases gamma wave activity - increases white matter in the brain - it's difficult to know what findings are significant for you or to even understand what these mean - one finding is more meaning: - when people meditate, the default mode network gets less and less active - default mode network - active when ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The American South: Its Stories, Music, and Art<\/div>
The Region, the Diaspora, and the Mythic<\/a><\/div>
...we can think of the South at one time both as the most American and most un-American part of our nation - American - it was here that Thomas Jefferson shaped the nation-state by writing the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution - it's in the South we see deep roots of family, religion, and patriotism - un-American - it's also in the south that we see that most un-America...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Definition of Religion<\/a><\/div>
...what does it mean to study thought? - it is easier to study thought than practice, especially in ancient cultures - thought travels better - it's easier to learn from thought rather than particular practices of other cultures- studying ancient Chinese thought - we don't know that much about what people were actually doing in ancient China - we have texts, so we know what people...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Philosophy and the Sciences<\/div>
Epistemic Relativism, Scientific Realism, and Falsifiability<\/a><\/div>
...two contrasts set scientific inquiries apart from other inquiries - 1. science and pseudo science - astronomy vs. astrology - similar - same subject matter: what is in the sky - pseudo-science inquiries look very much like scientific inquiries - both gather evidence - both make predictions - dissimilar - astronomy makes bold claims that are testable...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
Structural, Backward-Looking, and Forward-Looking Provisions<\/a><\/div>
...how do we know what the Constitution means? - the people who wrote it believed many things that we don't believe now - that white men could own black slaves - that the government could deny the vote to free blacks and women - that men should not be allowed to marry other men - so in some ways, our constitutions is different than the framers Constitution - does the fact tha...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
El cementerio de Abidos<\/a><\/div>
...el reino m\u00e1s meridional es el de Hierakompolis - el reino que queda en el centro es el de Nagada - el yacimiento de Nagada es el que conocemos peor - lo que conocemos de Nagada, se debe a las excavaciones que all\u00ed condujo a finales del Siglo XIX Flinder Pitri - \u00e9l pudo documentar - una serie de zonas de enterramiento - un Cementerio general - un Cementerio para la \u00e9li...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Mind\/Body Dualism and Cognitive Control<\/a><\/div>
...mind\/body dualism in the West - very old tradition going back to people like Plato - seen as fundamentally in opposition - the rational faculties, the mind, trying to control the body - Plato's chariot allegory - charioteer (intellect) tries to control the first winged horse (rational\/moral impulse) and the second winged horse (irrational passions\/appetites) with the goal o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue Ethics<\/a><\/div>
...civilization is a relatively new development for human beings - for most of evolutionary history, and that of our line of primates, we live in small-scale societies - usually groups of no more than 150 - most of them relatives or at least others known to us - you could generally keep track of others within the group - this is how primates still live - around 12,000 years...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The Peasantry in Revolt<\/a><\/div>
...two early events of the Revolution encouraged and raised hopes of rural France that their condition might change - 1. the drawing up of the Cahiers de dol\u00e9ances - 2. elections of the Estates-General - the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
Article I: The Legislative Branch<\/a><\/div>
...even though the president is often thought of as the head of the nation, the president doesn't come first in the Constitution - it is congress that is described in Article I - it's probably an over-simplification to call the president the leader - each branch is supposed to lead in some ways or circumstances- what is congress - the Senate - represents the states - 2 senators ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
725 BC: The Fall of Israel to Assyria<\/a><\/div>
...the Arameans played a more prominent role than the Assyrians for most of the 9th century BC - this situation slowly changed - Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III - thought to display the earliest ancient depiction of a Biblical figure - Jehu King of Israel - 803 BC: Assyrian king laid siege to Damascus - this weakened the area - enabled Jehoash and Jeroboam II to reconquer...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1970s: Hippie Aesthetic, Corporate Rock, Disco, and Punk<\/a><\/div>
...the 60s and 70s - many music historians make a break at 1969 with Woodstock and Altamont - the end of psychedelic era with something new happening in the 70s - but in many ways the late sixties and the 70s can be seen as a continuous piece music history- overview of the 1970s - the rise of musically ambitious groups - most groups playing music in the 70s were: - concerned w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
El cementerio Umm el Qaab y la invenci\u00f3n de la escritura<\/a><\/div>
...la transici\u00f3n de Nagada II a Nagada III - 3500 BC - 3000 BC - la situaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica y cultural del Alto Egipto se transforma profundamente - exist\u00edan tres grandes n\u00facleos urbanos de la regi\u00f3n y el acompolis Nagada y Abidos - Abidos convertido ya muy probablemente desde principios de Nagada III en la capital de un nuevo reino predin\u00e1stico unificado del Alto Egipto - las subestructu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
Article II: The Executive Branch<\/a><\/div>
...Article II - creates the executive branch - while Article I spells out what kind of laws Congress can make, Article II doesn't do this for the president - it gives the president different roles and powers - enforce the laws - like a sheriff - with the help of - executive officers - members of cabinet - federal prosecutors - FBI - most of th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fundamentos de la escritura en espa\u00f1ol<\/div>
La oraci\u00f3n<\/a><\/div>
...la oraci\u00f3n - ese pedacito de discurso - como una pieza del rompecabezas que es nuestro texto completo - la unidad m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a de sentido completo en s\u00ed misma en que se divide el habla real - en un discurso cualquiera, las oraciones se van sucediendo una tras otra - pero cada una de ellas es autosuficiente para decir algo - una afirmaci\u00f3n - una pregunta - un deseo -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
Ancient Musical Notation<\/a><\/div>
...music from 1500 BC to 1300 AD - understanding the developments of this period is critical in understanding the development of music - the era not only covers music of: - Babylonians, Ancient Greece to the Renaissance - also covers the development of our musical notation - changed the way music was conceived, composed, and the way it sounded - Mesopotamia - going back almost 400...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Wu-Wei, Dao, Tien and De<\/a><\/div>
...wu wei [OO-way] - an important concept in Taoism that means \"without effort\" or \"without control\" or \"effortless action\", the way beings in harmony with the Tao behave, - in a completely natural, uncontrived way, which is the goal of spiritual practice for the human being - the attainment of a purely natural way of behaving, as when the planets revolve around the sun - engaging i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Formation of the Universe, Solar System, Earth and Life<\/div>
Examining the Agpalilik Meteorite<\/a><\/div>
...the largest meteorite slice in the world - 550 kilo slab - found in 1963 in northern Greenland - found by Vagn Buchwald - wrote a 2,500 page book describing every iron meteorite known on the planet - has a crystal structure - formed from when the iron core of the asteroid from which this meteorite came crystallized 4.5 billion years ago - you can see how slowly the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Kingdom of Judah and Sennacherib<\/a><\/div>
...Assyria has now conquered Samaria - reduced the Kingdom of Israel to a small, petty kingdom - within a couple decades, they would do the same to Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah - the Syro-Ephraimite War - took place in the 8th century BC - Assyria was a great regional power - the smaller nations of Syria (Aram) and the northern Kingdom of Israel (Eph...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Shang Dynasty (1554-1045 BC)<\/a><\/div>
...Shang Dynasty (1554-1045 BC) - first clearly archeologically attested dynasty - with Shang Dynasty the historical record matching up with the archeological evidence - alternate name is the Yin Dynasty - the first source of significant written records - oracle bones - inscriptions in bronze vessels - once you have writing, you can match it up with the historical record ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Philosophy and the Sciences<\/div>
Duhem and Kuhn<\/a><\/div>
...before Karl Popper developed falsification as a possible method of science - Pierre Duhem (1861-1916) - \"No scientific hypothesis can ever be tested in isolation, but only in conjunction with other main hypotheses and auxiliary hypotheses\" - we don't test Newton's law of gravity by itself - main - three laws of motion - auxiliary - number of planets - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Formation of the Universe, Solar System, Earth and Life<\/div>
Nuclear Synthesis: The Origins of Elements in Our Solar System<\/a><\/div>
...nuclear synthesis models come from three separate lines of evidence - 1. composition of our solar system - the elemental abundances we have in the solar system - the most important of the three type of evidence - the atomic structure of atoms - nucleus - protons - neutrons - electrons - an element's character is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
Article III: The Judicial Branch<\/a><\/div>
...Article III of the Constitution gives us the courts - actually it only gives us the Supreme Court - that there are lower federal courts at all depends on Congress- Supreme Court - decides cases, but not just any case - cases that you cannot leave to state courts - where we need to have one interpretation for the whole country, not for only one state - when you can't trust...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen<\/a><\/div>
...the National Assembly - composed of the representatives of the three states called together by Louis XVI in May 1789 - it becomes transformed by the victory of the revolution into the National Assembly - July 1789 - after storming of the Bastille - one of Louis XVI's brothers is so disgusted with the political situation and the intervention of the populace, so he decides to emig...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Beginnings of Written Chinese History<\/a><\/div>
...when dealing with Chinese material, you have to deal with the Romanization problem - Wade-Giles - when you see \"Dao\" spelled \"Tao\", that's the Wade-Giles system - D sound = T - T sound = T' - aspiration is symbolized by the apostrophe - this makes sense to linguists but is not immediately clear to others - given completed form with Herbert Giles's Chinese\u2013English Di...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
The Bill of Rights<\/a><\/div>
...Constitution was written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 - but that Constitution, the Founders constitution, isn't the one we live under today - in part because of Supreme Court decisions on amendments - how judges should apply old constitutional provisions to modern circumstances is a difficult question- the words of the Constitution are changed through amendments - our history...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Designing Cities<\/div>
19th Century Park and Boulevard Plans: From Paris to Kansas City<\/a><\/div>
...1950 was a long time ago - but cities of around 1950 where people went to a single urban center to work, shop, and entertainment are still what many people think cities are or should be - evolution of cities were frozen by - 1929 worldwide depression - 1939-1945 WWII - after destruction in WWII, building began again with established systems and more modern buildings - the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
La unificaci\u00f3n y los comienzos del Din\u00e1stico<\/a><\/div>
...los tres estados incipientes del alto Egipto Predin\u00e1stico - el reino de Hierac\u00f3mpolis - el reino de Nagada - el reino de Tinis o Abidos - se unieron muy a principios de Nagada III - en un \u00fanico reino unificado del alto Egipto predin\u00e1stico - muy pronto emprendi\u00f3 un proceso de expansi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica y militar- este proceso de unificaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica y militar - tuvo lugar durante Nag...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Eastern Holistic Thinking and the Paradox of Virtue<\/a><\/div>
...the individual is tied up in their social role - identified and honored on basis of role, not individual life history - e.g. as ancestry or father or son - not so much concern as individuals qua individuals - visual representation of this - early bronze vessels - individuals hard to identify - large numbers of people engaged in group activities - they are all playi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Fall of Judah<\/a><\/div>
...Manasseh of Judah (697-643 BC) - son of Hezekiah - 55 year reign - the Bible vilifies him - Judah had a steadfast loyalty to the Assyrian empire - resulted in remarkable prosperity- King Josiah (reign 640\u2013609 BC) - properity changed under his reign - began reigning as a boy (age 8) in 640 BCE - father was King Amon - instituted major reforms - credited by most h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
British Blues-Based Bands and the Roots of Heavy Metal<\/a><\/div>
...blues rock - as with most modern rock music, Blues rock was grounded in the 60s - easy to see its roots - Rolling Stones and Yardbirds - revived the Chicago Electric Blues tradition as part of the British Invasion - British Invasion - The Beatles, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, and The Dave Clark Five - you have to ask what counts as blues rock - ZZ Top?...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Golden Age of the Western Zhou (1046\u2013771 BCE)<\/a><\/div>
...Zhou dynasty [joh] - followed the Shang dynasty - preceded the Qin dynasty - 1046\u2013256 BCE\"The Western Zhou\": 1046-771 BCE - looked backed to as a Golden Age - China was settled - the world was the way it needed to be - Confucius (551\u2013479 BC) used the Western Zhou as a blueprint of what China should be - we know a lot more about the Zhou than we do about the Sha...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Analyzing the Universe<\/div>
The Nature of Images<\/a><\/div>
...images - we are inundated with images in our daily lives - enticing us to buy products - to remind us of an event - to please our artistic tastes- photographs - it's hard to imagine a time when people didn't have photographs - 1840 - people were astonished to find that they could capture a visual image of a moment in time in the minutest detail far surpassing any method th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Les pr\u00e9curseurs de droit p\u00e9nal international<\/a><\/div>
...le droit p\u00e9nal international - c'est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 une discipline r\u00e9cente - dont le d\u00e9veloppement ont \u00e9t\u00e9 laborieux, difficiles, et complexes - ceci du fait de la particularit\u00e9 de son objet - l'objet de cette discipline c\u2019est au fond: - l'incrimination - la r\u00e9pression - la pr\u00e9vention de crimes - il s'agit de crimes qui ont tous une ampleur particuli\u00e8re, une gravit\u00e9 part...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Analyzing the Universe<\/div>
Image Formation<\/a><\/div>
...the image that we produce inside of our view camera is upside down - takes a picture with lens - a clear picture - takes a picture without the lens - \"all you see is more or less uniform nothing\" - why does this happen? - light spreads out from a point in all directions - we assume that but there is proof of this - you point out an object to a frien...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Philosophical and Conceptual Innovations in Zhou Thought<\/a><\/div>
...philosophical and conceptual innovations in Zhou thought: - 1. ritual (li) - any type of ceremonial activities that have a religious character - ritualized offerings to the ancestors - ceremonies surrounding divinations - in the Zhou dynasty, ritual became more of a formal system of behavioral guidelines - ritual qua ritual seems to become more important - document:...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
El paso del predin\u00e1stico al din\u00e1stico<\/a><\/div>
...el paso del predin\u00e1stico al din\u00e1stico - se producen cambios determinantes en el proceso hist\u00f3rico y cultural de Egipto - la conceptualizaci\u00f3n y la organizaci\u00f3n de del tiempo cultural - una impronta de sello cil\u00edndrico sobre arcilla - recoge los nombres de Orus de los ocho reyes que constituyen la primera dinast\u00eda - procede de la tumba del rey Ka - cada uno de los no...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
American Blues Rock and Southern Rock<\/a><\/div>
...you would think that American blues-based rock bands would take most of their influence from American blues - but the case is that most of these bands were very influenced by the British bands of the 1960s - it's as if the blues as to leave the United States, go to Britain, and come back again for Americans to play it - e.g. the Stones and Creme were so big that when the American kids w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Bemerkenswerte Menschen<\/div>
Frank Zappa<\/a><\/div>
...Frank Vincent Zappa - Kindheit - geboren 21.12.1940 in Baltimore, Maryland - gestorben 04.12.1993 in Los Angeles - das erste Kind eines sizilianischen Ehepaars Francis Zappa und Rose Marie - zwei kleiner Br\u00fcder - Bobby - Karl - eine kleine Schwester - Patrice - Vater arbeitet im Verteidigungsministerium - deswegen musste seine Familie oft umziehen...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Confucius and the Analects<\/a><\/div>
...The Analects (\"L\u00fany\u01d4\", or \"Edited Conversations\") - or \"collected sayings\" or \"categorized sayings\" - a record of Confucius' teachings as put together by disciples after his death - we don't have written texts directly from the pen of Confucius - we have an account of his teachings from people who know him and interacted with him - tradition view is that the whole text was reco...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Analyzing the Universe<\/div>
Capturing Images of X-Ray Sources from Space<\/a><\/div>
...visible light can be bounced of a curved mirror and directed to a focal point- x-ray light, however, will be absorbed by the mirror - will not bounce back to the focal point - X-ray photons penetrate into the mirror in much the same way that bullets slam into a wall - likewise, just as bullets ricochet when they hit a wall at a grazing angle, so too will X-rays ricochet off mirr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Subsistence Marketplaces<\/div>
Low Literacy's Effect on Consumer Behavior<\/a><\/div>
...low literacy and consumer behavior - for those with low literacy it is difficult to: - locating the product - when you can't read, it takes a long time just to find the product, so when you find one, you buy it without deciding if it is the best one - locating the right price - there are many prices: - regular price - sale price - price per kilogram -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Magna Carta and its Legacy<\/div>
Magna Carta and the Medieval World<\/a><\/div>
...England 800 years ago when the Magna Carta was signed - differences - communication much slower - society was much more localized - much less crowded, 3 million compared to today's 60 million - the landscape peppered with villages - surrounded by wide open fields - tilled by the peasantry - a small proportion were free - not slaves, but tied to the land...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
The Progressive Amendments: 16, 17, 18, and 19<\/a><\/div>
...the Progressive Era Amendments - 1890s to 1920s - they are connected with a kind of optimism about government and society - government can be improved following scientific methods - good government can be a force for good - these amendments have interesting aspects of the amendment making process to teach us - constitutional design in general - our Constitution in part...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
Las pir\u00e1mides y la doctrina heliopolitana de la creaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/div>
...qu\u00e9 es una pir\u00e1mide - ejemplos - las pir\u00e1mides de Guiza - las pir\u00e1mides de Khufu - Jafra - Menkaura - hay muchos preguntas que los aspectos - formales - tecnol\u00f3gicos - exteriores - pero si queremos definir realmente qu\u00e9 es una pir\u00e1mide, debemos tener muy en cuenta que una pir\u00e1mide esun artefacto ritual - una tumba que atender al sibolismo y al ritual que subyac...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The Evolution and Purpose of Feelings<\/a><\/div>
...does the Buddhist prescription help us see the world more clearly? - one of the main parts of the Buddhist prescription is viewing the world mindfully - this can change your relationship to your feelings - there are feelings that perhaps used to mediate your interaction with reality in a way they no longer will - but does this changed relationship to your feelings help you see the w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
La naissance des droits de l'homme<\/a><\/div>
...les \u00c9tats sont peu enclins: - \u00e0 limiter leur souverainet\u00e9 - de donner suite aux demandes d'internationaliser les droits de l'homme - malgr\u00e9 le fait qu'il y a eu - plusieurs propositions dans la p\u00e9riode d'entre-guerres - ces efforts se sont intensifi\u00e9s pendant la deuxi\u00e8me guerre mondiale- pendant la deuxi\u00e8me guerre mondiale - les droits de l'homme sont invoqu\u00e9s comme le ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Confucius: I Transmit, I Do Not Innovate<\/a><\/div>
...Confucius sees himself as merely passing on the Western Zhou tradition - Analects 7.1 - \"I transmit, I do not innovate.\" - doesn't see himself as a creator or an innovator- however, Confucius did actually innovate or transform Zhou thought - 1. idea of a gentlemen - he's democratizing the idea of junzi - anyone can become a junzi - at least any male can - simil...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
The Era of Progressive Rock<\/a><\/div>
...Progressive Rock - the style that develops in the 70s that is most consistent with the values of the hippy aesthetic - importantly happened in Britain - some progressive rock happened in the States but it was mostly an echo of the progressive rock going on in Britain - an obsession with concept albums - the important thing - the big idea - the album - the artwork - ly...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction to Classical Music<\/div>
Popular and Classical Music Compared<\/a><\/div>
...most of the world generally listens to what is called \"popular music\" - it is the \"music of the people\" - music that most everybody likes - downloads of popular music outnumber download of classical music about 30 to 1- classical music - the adjective \"classical\" generally applies to an artifact that has been around for centuries, passed down from generation to generation - in Wes...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The History of Israel According to Genesis and Exodus<\/a><\/div>
...Biblical history runs from the Book of Genesis to the Book of Kings - presents Israel as naturally evolving from the family of Abraham to a prodigious nation consisting of twelve tribes - twelve sons of Abraham's grandson Jacob whose name was changed to Israel - but this Biblical description is not historical - at least not in its basic contours - most scholars believe that the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The October Days<\/a><\/div>
...National Assembly had laid down a blueprint for a new society and a new political system - August Decrees on Feudalism (19 decrees made in August 1789) - Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - the fundamental problem was: Louis XVI had withheld his consent on these two documents - after all Louis XVI had convened the Estates General to give him advice on the reform nec...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Exploring Beethoven's Piano Sonatas<\/div>
The Tonic, the Dominant, and Sonata Form<\/a><\/div>
...form - necessary when discussing the effect of music - people hear form or analysis in a musical context and they tend to think of something dry - form is indeed about rules - and about the grammar and construction of music - it is ultimately all about psychology - not just the way the music is put together or works - but the way it works on the listener - to stu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
Heli\u00f3polis, la solarizaci\u00f3n de la monarqu\u00eda fara\u00f3nica<\/a><\/div>
...Heli\u00f3polis - la ciudad del sol - el lugar de origen - el principal centro de culto de la divinidad solar en Egipto - Benben - colina primordial - el objeto de culto m\u00e1s importante del templo solar de Heli\u00f3polis - una piedra mete\u00f3rica, es decir ca\u00edda del cielo - una manifestaci\u00f3n del propio Dios Solar - evidentemente el Benben no ha llegado hasta nosotros - pero los ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Enlightenment or Empire<\/a><\/div>
...Mary Wollstonecraft - questioning the aim of science - giving voice to an important key to the Enlightenment - that one had to now be skeptical of the world - skeptical about claims and subject them to rational, scientific inquiry - a man of reason had to query all verities, to prove them to be true, not simply to assume them to be true- some began to query whether the empire...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
Freedom of Speech<\/a><\/div>
...First Amendment - protects: - freedom of speech - freedom of the press - right to peaceably assemble - right to seek the assistance of the government without fear of punishment - freedom to exercise a religion - freedom from government establishments of religion- Mary Beth Tinker - 1965 wore a black armband to school - expressed her opposition to the Vietnam Wa...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Confucius' Use of Ritual as a Tool<\/a><\/div>
...ritual is a humanizer - it restrains and reforms human nature - without ritual we don't know how to act - a behavioral language - metaphor of carving and polishing - becoming a proper human being is like shaping a raw material - reshaping your emotions - acting out ritual emotions - allowing you to achieve the mean - in our natural state we tend toward excess...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Jazz Rock in the 70s<\/a><\/div>
...Jazz Rock is a funny kind of stylistic orphan in the history of popular music - Jazz Rock Fusion - Miles Davis - John Mclaughlin - Return to Forever - most rock historians would say that it is not rock - most jazz historians would say it is not jazz - by the virtue of bringing together rock and jazz music, it falls into a kind of no-man's land between the two so that it is ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
El Renacimiento<\/a><\/div>
...el Renacimiento - un per\u00edodo en la historia cultural de Europa que tuvo lugar en los siglos XV y XVI - a continuaci\u00f3n de la Edad Media - las explicaciones de la vida y el mundo basadas en la religi\u00f3n, comenzaron a ser sustituidas por otras basadas en la raz\u00f3n y en la ciencia - los seres humanos comenzaron a creer m\u00e1s en sus propias capacidades - a intentar comprender la natural...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Fra Ang\u00e9lico<\/a><\/div>
...La Virgen de la humildad - Fra Ang\u00e9lico - un pintor florentino de la primera mitad del siglo XV - trabaj\u00f3 en Roma para los papas - uno de los principales pintores de los principios del Renacimiento italiano - vemos a la Virgen Mar\u00eda, vestida de azul y al Ni\u00f1o Jes\u00fas - los materiales - es t\u00edpico de la pintura medieval, de la pintura antigua, utilizar materiales muy caros...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Theatrical Rock: KISS, Bowie, and Alice Cooper<\/a><\/div>
...theatrical rock - sometimes referred to as glam rock - but glam rock only become popular in the UK - e.g. David Bowie - the U.S. really didn't have a glam movement as you did in the mid 1970s in the UK - in this genre, rock music which was conceived primarily for its theatrical production - relied in an important way on you seeing it to understand it - in the 1980s, this...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Moons of Our Solar System<\/div>
What is a Moon?<\/a><\/div>
...what is a moon? - a planet is an object that orbits a star - a moon is an object that orbits a planet - some moons are shaped like asteroids - can be a quite small - we have not defined the cutoff point where a moon is a moon and not just debris - our solar systems number of moons has been steadily increasing - in the last 20 years we have found many new moons around Jupit...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Modern World: Global History since 1760<\/div>
1980s: Global Capitalism Transformed<\/a><\/div>
...how the world's economic system became what it is today - the history of the 70s and 80s were like a global election - choosing among different sets of ideas - how to solve problems of systemic crisis that seemed evident in the 70s - which parts of the world would be the \"swing states\" in this global election? - 1. Europe - 2. China - the fate of China - 1976 Mao Z...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
American Singer-Songwriters of the 70s<\/a><\/div>
...1960s authenticity trend in rock music - when you write a song, the lyrics should be about something important and serious-minded - it shouldn't just be about I want to hold your hand, and she loves you yeah, yeah, yeah - Dylan lead the charge in that direction - came from the folk tradition - one of the critics of Dylan was that he took the \"we\" out of folk music and turned it int...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Sandro Botticelli<\/a><\/div>
...Sandro Botticelli - un florentino de la segunda mitad del siglo XV - muy conocido ya en su \u00e9poca - trabaj\u00f3 - para los Medici, una importante familia de mecenas - para el Papa en Roma - pint\u00f3 sus obras principales entre 1470 y 1490 - La Anunciaci\u00f3n - ##anunciacion - es un cuadro peque\u00f1o, apenas veinte cent\u00edmetros de alto - en el cuadro vemos el momento en el qu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
18th Century Land Grabbing<\/a><\/div>
...in 1767 a man named George Washington wrote a letter to William Crawford - \"any person who neglects the present opportunity of hunting out good lands and in some measure marking them for his own, in order to keep others from settling them, will never regain it\" - capturing the mood of an era we might call The First Great Land Rush - people from around the world were turning frontiers ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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L'avenir de la d\u00e9cision : conna\u00eetre et agir en complexit\u00e9<\/div>
Compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 de v\u00e9rit\u00e9s apparemment contraires<\/a><\/div>
...le paradoxe - les v\u00e9rit\u00e9s apparemment contraires se retrouvent pour d\u00e9finir une m\u00eame type de r\u00e9alit\u00e9 - il y a une compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 entre ces v\u00e9rit\u00e9s contraires- des paradoxes de la complexit\u00e9 - pour \u00eatres autonomes - il faut que nous soyons d\u00e9pendants de notre environnement - ne serait-ce que pour nous nourrir - l'environnement naturel - l'environnement culturel ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Industrial Revolution and the Transition of Non-Renewable Energy<\/a><\/div>
...Adam Smith called those worlds that Europe was occupying \"wastelands\" - their potential was latent - to turn them into productive assets it would take: - colonization - settlement - privatization - the transformation of wastelands into fertile, arable lands - a kind of ecological windfall - in the same way silver had been a windfall in an earlier cycle of European expan...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506)<\/a><\/div>
...Andrea Mantegna - pintor que trabaj\u00f3 en la segunda mitad del siglo XV - Padua - Mantua - su arte nos ofrece la mejor muestra del entusiasmo que exist\u00eda en la \u00e9poca por la Historia y por el Arte de la antigua Roma - uno de los pintores m\u00e1s rigurosos de todo el Renacimiento en su fidelidad a los textos y las obras de arte de la Antig\u00fcedad - fue amigo de algunos de los principale...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Pintura Flamenca: Jan Van Eyck<\/a><\/div>
...B\u00e9lgica - junto con Italia, la regi\u00f3n de Europa que lideraba la producci\u00f3n de pintura en el siglo quinze, coincid\u00eda approximadamente con la actual B\u00e9lgica - algunos de los mejores pintores europeas del momento trabajaron all\u00ed - Jan Van Eyck - Rogier Van der Weyden - Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441) - El matrimonio Arnolfini, 1434 - ##elMatrimonioArnolfini - la National Galler...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Solon Against Political, Economic, and Moral Decline<\/a><\/div>
...circumstances that make a state ripe for a tyranny - entrenched, old elite who control: - 1. most of the good land - 2. political and legal processes - this was the situation in Corinth with Cypselus [KIP-sel-us] and his son Periander - a paradigm of how tyranny- background to Solon - in Athens - domination of clans who called themselves the Eupatrids - established ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Seven Years' War and Colonial Revolutions<\/a><\/div>
...the results of pressures on empires intensified the stakes of global competition - heightened the cycle of mercantilist wars - resulted in a cascade of revolutions of many sorts - the globalization of empires across the world meant the globalization of warfare - everywhere in the contested zones - in particular the neo-Europes, the new model colonies - eventually meant a g...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Understanding Einstein: The Special Theory of Relativity<\/div>
Pre-Einstein Physics up to 1905<\/a><\/div>
...1800 is good place to start talking about physics - but the term \"physicist\" was not coined until about 1840 - before that people who worked in physics might be called natural philosophers - 1800 there was a split based on what \"natural philosophers\" worked on - organic matter - inorganic matter - the branch that became physics focused on inorganic matter - 1800: battery...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Anthropology of Current World Issues<\/div>
Multiculturalism and Transnational Communities<\/a><\/div>
...how to live together peacefully in a diverse society - an issue that vexes societies around the world - how can people with different beliefs, backgrounds, looks, and ideas live together with as little conflict as possible- immigration is as old as humanity itself - 100,000 years ago: the march out of Africa for homo sapien sapiens - modern migrations across the Atlantic or As...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Shakespeare: On the Page and in Performance<\/div>
1500s: The Beginnings of Modern Theater in London<\/a><\/div>
...The Red Lion Theatre, 1567 - first theater in London - Elizabethan playhouse located in Whitechapel just outside the City of London - owners decided to build a new theater called \"The Theater\"- The Theater, 1576 - the building of this theater was a transformational event in theater history - before the building of the theater - professional actors were legally classified wi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Reason and Persuasion Through Plato's Dialogues<\/div>
Euthyphro and the Bad Dad<\/a><\/div>
...Euthyphro - someone in your family does something ethically wrong, what do you do? - A) you act according to the rule \"family is family and friends stick with friends\", so you support them in their time of trouble - B) you act according to the rule \"wrong is wrong, and I can't defend someone who is wrong\" - C) I need more information to answer this question - the best answer i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Civil War and Reconstruction<\/div>
The American Civil War: The First Modern War<\/a><\/div>
...a war is fought by soldiers - young soldiers - when people went off to the Civil War, they often sat for photographs, daguerreotypes - gave it to their families or loved ones - probably three million people fought in the Civil War at one time or another - when you study the details, it's hard to romanticize about war - more Americans were killed in the Civil War than in th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Les sources nationales des droits de l'homme<\/a><\/div>
...la question des sources nationales des droits fondamentaux et des droits de l'homme - sur le plan \u00e9tatique - ce d\u00e9veloppement tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9renci\u00e9, tr\u00e8s h\u00e9t\u00e9roclite - il y a une grande disparit\u00e9 entre les syst\u00e8mes nationaux de protection des droits de l'homme - aussi bien pour les m\u00e9canismes qui visent \u00e0 assurer leur respect - la constitution belge - garanti un droit original...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Galaxies and Cosmology<\/div>
Early History of Cosmology<\/a><\/div>
...the discovery of galaxies - before we began studying the universe in a scientific sense, we learned about galaxies which are its constituents - but first people didn't know what they were - they were just smudges in the sky, called \"nebulae\" - first cataloged by Charles Messier - before this, philosophers tried to address the question - sometimes called \"island universes\", w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
British and Canadian Singer-Songwriters<\/a><\/div>
...British\/Irish singer-songwriters - Van Morrison - Irish - in group \"Them\" - had the hit \"Gloria\" - 1968 album: Astral Weeks - experimental - 1970 Moondance - 1971 album: Tupelo Honey - Cat Stevens - 1977 changed his name to Yusef Islam - early 1970s radio played a lot of Cat Stevens even in the States - 1971 Tea for the Tillerman - 1971 Teaser and the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
The Supreme Court and the Free Exercise of Religion Clause<\/a><\/div>
...suppose a city decides to make a laws prohibiting the consumption of alcohol - would this be constitutional? - suppose Christians want to celebrate communion or Jews who want to observe Passover with wine - under this law they could not- the free exercise clause - Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abri...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Devenir entrepreneur du changement<\/div>
L'entrepreneuriat social, c'est quoi?<\/a><\/div>
...Andr\u00e9 Dupont, dirigeant de Vitamines T - l'entrepreneuriat social - consiste \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique viable pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins sociaux et environnementaux - c'est un mouvement de fond mondial qui participe au renouvellement des mod\u00e8les \u00e9conomiques dominants qui ont montr\u00e9 leurs limites - \u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 financiaris\u00e9e ou bien pr\u00e9dominance de l'Etat - en cr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Miracles of Human Language: An Introduction to Linguistics<\/div>
Discrete Infinity, Displacement, and Joint Attention<\/a><\/div>
...human language is about diversity - but many things are similar- basic questions of human languages and linguistics - what is language? - do animals have language? - how many languages are there? - how do we count languages? - how are they related to each other? - what do linguists do? - how do they get their data? - what are informants?- do animals have a language a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Brief History of Humankind<\/div>
What Do We Want to Want?<\/a><\/div>
...today only a fraction of the potentiality of biological engineering, cyborg engineering and the engineering of non-organic life has been realized - yet we are already dealing with the social, political and ethical issues of these changes - lawyers and judges need to rethink issues of privacy and identity - governments need to rethink issues of healthcare and equality - educationa...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
Disguised Odysseus Meets Eumaeus<\/a><\/div>
...Odysseus finding his way into his own house - Odysseus in disguise - makes contacts - dog - sad - a puppy when Odysseus left - Eumaeus [oo-MAY-us] - Odysseus' former swineherd - social position is at low as it can go - has a position in the household with no prestige - Odysseus is entering his house at the lowest points - but he receives hospitality...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Peisistratos: Tyranny and Civic Identity<\/a><\/div>
...Solon's reforms addressed issues of his time - political problems - social problems - allowed for more mobility - but didn't undermine the underlying qualities in Athenian society- after Solon's reforms, continuing tension and trouble - 590 BC, a year without an archon - similar to year 404 with the year of the Thirty Tyrants - one archon stayed in office for two years ev...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Cr\u00e9er et d\u00e9velopper une startup technologique<\/div>
La d\u00e9cision de cr\u00e9er une entreprise innovante<\/a><\/div>
...Ana\u00efs Barut - Pr\u00e9sidente de l'entreprise DAMAE Medical - parcours de la cr\u00e9ation de l'entreprise - parcours acad\u00e9mique - apr\u00e8s le bac, elle n'arrivais pas \u00e0 se d\u00e9cider entre ses deux d\u00e9sirs : la science ou le commerce - elle a choisi des classes pr\u00e9paratoires PCSI - Physique, Chimie et Sciences industrielles - elle a int\u00e9gr\u00e9 la grande \u00e9cole d'HEC Paris - elle a ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Country Rock's Influence on 1970s Music<\/a><\/div>
...the idea of blending country music together with rock and roll at the end of the 1960s was kind of a bold thing to do - because in the United States country music was the music of relatively conservative, what we would call today \"red state\" people - who had no respect or regard for hippies or hippy music and rock and roll - we often associate red state people with country music whi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
The End of Athenian Tyranny and the Democratic Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...Peisistratos was a tyrant but a good ruler - Aristotle devised a special category for him - tyranny is bad but he had to make an exception for Peisistratos - as an accomplished ruler- Hippias and Hipparchus - 527 BC: overtook Peisistratos' rule when he died - tyranny was passed on to them - tandem rule - ruled well and peacefully for over a decade - supporte...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Les sources internationales des droits de l'homme<\/a><\/div>
...des sources internationales des droits de l'homme - la protection strictement nationale - n'a pas emp\u00each\u00e9: - des d\u00e9rives majeures - des violations massives de ses droits durant l'histoire - par examples - la seconde guerre mondiale - un point d'orgue dans cette trag\u00e9die - illustr\u00e9 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de fa\u00e7on abominable et tragique - des pers\u00e9cutions i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Reason and Persuasion Through Plato's Dialogues<\/div>
Plato, Socrates, Dialogues, and Masks<\/a><\/div>
...Plato (427 BC - 347 BC) - his complete works are like a Matryoshka doll - you open Plato and you find mostly Socrates - Socrates is the substance - Plato is like a shell that keeps Socrates safe and preserved for posterity - but you also find many other characters than Socrates - Anytus - Euthyphro - Apollo - Meno - Cephalus - Polemarchus - Bendis...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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D\u00e9couvrir le marketing<\/div>
La double approche du marketing et les 4P<\/a><\/div>
...une double approche du marketing - la vision du marketing la plus r\u00e9pandue dans la litt\u00e9rature - 1. marketing strat\u00e9gique - la facette \u00ab analyse \u00bb - toute une s\u00e9rie d\u2019analyses et de d\u00e9cisions sont prises en amont des actions marketing - les t\u00e2ches du marketing strat\u00e9gique sont nombreuses et vari\u00e9es - analyse tout d\u2019abord - les besoins des consommateurs - comm...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The World of Wine<\/div>
Assessing Wine: Color, Clarity, Viscosity<\/a><\/div>
...sensory evaluation of wine accesses: - appearance - aroma - flavor - taste - texture (mouth-feel) - uses - sight - smell - taste - touch - determined by components - alcohol - sugars - color - tannin - acids - aroma and flavor compounds- color and clarity of wine - color - intensity - depth - hue or shade - wines - colorles...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Black Pop in the 1970s<\/a><\/div>
...black pop coming out of the 1960s and into the 1970s - there were two different worlds concerning what was happening in music in the 1970s - 1. mainstream rock - mostly FM rock and roll radio - mostly white rock and roll fans - Led Zeppelin - Deep Purple - Yes - Doobie Brothers - 2. black pop - AM radio - was a kind of blending together or white ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
508 BC: The Democratic Reforms of Cleisthenes<\/a><\/div>
...Cleisthenes - 508 BC: set Athens on democratic footing - came from the Alcmaeonidae [alk-MEE-an-id-igh] clan - was originally mistrusted because of impiety and sacrilege committed by Megacles - 632 BC: Megacles was the archon eponymous was convicted of killing Cylon's supporters and was exiled from the city - story of revolution of Athens - shows how controversial this famil...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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L'avenir de la d\u00e9cision : conna\u00eetre et agir en complexit\u00e9<\/div>
Principes et paradigmes d'une connaissance complexe<\/a><\/div>
...la connaissance complexe - une connaissance qui relie - c'est une connaissance globale - c'est le rapport entre le tout et les parties - il y a une tendance intellectuelle qui est pour le holisme, ou la connaissance du tout - mais si vous avez une connaissance du tout sans conna\u00eetre la relation avec les parties, c\u2019est une connaissance vide - prenez le cas de la mondialis...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Physique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale - m\u00e9canique<\/div>
D\u00e9riv\u00e9es<\/a><\/div>
...la d\u00e9rivation d'une fonction simple - comment calculer la d\u00e9riv\u00e9e d'une fonction de fonction - je consid\u00e8re la position d'un point sur un axe cart\u00e9sien - je rep\u00e8re la position par la coordonn\u00e9e x - je dis que x est une fonction du temps - je peux calculer la vitesse de ce point - x est une fonction du temps - on peux calculer une vitesse - on mesurerait le temps qu'il ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
Telemachus and Theoclymenus<\/a><\/div>
...while Odysseus is making his connections with Eumaeus - Athena tells Telemachus to get going - appears to him in a dream - gods in dreams often came as hovering pretense - a standard feature of how epic poetry works - Homer understands that dreams come in the middle of the night and a god or goddess will take a particular form, hover over a persons head, and say, hey, wh...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
The Establishment Clause<\/a><\/div>
...the relationship of government and religion - our currency says \"In God We Trust\" - millions of school children recite \"One Nation Under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance everyday - nativity scenes are displayed on state property - high schools have prayers at sports events- Establishment Clause - \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Sly Stone and His Influence on Black Pop, Funk, and Psychedelic Soul<\/a><\/div>
...two names that helped shape black pop throughout the 1970s - 1. James Brown - 2. Sly Stone - Sly and the Family Stone - led to a rise of Funk - comes out of the primarily white rock scene in San Francisco at the end of the 1960s, with: - Grateful Dead - Jefferson Airplane - Janice Joplin - not really thought of as a San Francisco band - responsible for a genre...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Alexander the Great<\/div>
The Importance of the Battle of Thermopylae<\/a><\/div>
...Alexander the Great may have been inspired to greatness by reading about the struggles of the Aecheans and the Trojans in the Iliad - the historical experience of the Greeks, however, had often been defined by violent encounters with their neighbor to the East, the kingdom of the Persians - one of these encounters provided Alexander justification for his war against the Persians - 480 BC...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Devenir entrepreneur du changement<\/div>
D\u00e9finition d'entrepreneur du changement<\/a><\/div>
...deux voies pour devenir entrepreneur du changement - 1. l'entrepreneuriat social - Andr\u00e9 Dupon de Vitamine T - un entrepreneur social - un dirigeant qui met ses qualit\u00e9s d'entrepreneur au service d'un projet d'int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral en cherchant \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre une probl\u00e9matique soci\u00e9tale - un entrepreneur social cr\u00e9e une organisation - une entreprise - une association -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Napoleon, Spain, the Colonies, and Imperial Crises<\/a><\/div>
...the birth of nations, like the United States, perhaps the first nation, was the effect of global, imperial crises, not the cause of it - colonies had built up first national identity and they want to be free from their colonial masters - the story of the freedom of the United States and the separation from the British Empire has family resembles to other theaters around the world - the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Jan Van Eyck: La Crucifixi\u00f3n y el Juicio Final<\/a><\/div>
...Jan Van Eyck - uno de los pintores m\u00e1s famosos de Europa, en el siglo XV - trabaj\u00f3 fundamentalmente en la ciudad de Brujas - pintor de corte de los Duques de Borgo\u00f1a, que gobernaban los Pa\u00edses Bajos - el arte de Van Eyck se caracteriza por un realismo muy meticuloso y por la intensidad de las expresiones de sus figuras - los pintores flamencos - prefer\u00edan la intensidad expres...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Motown in the 1970s<\/a><\/div>
...Motown comes from \"Motor City\" or Detroit - Berry Gordy Jr. - founder of the Motown record label - one of the most important record labels of the 60s - Motown in the 70s - happens mostly in Los Angeles - Barry Gordy wants to expand into movies and television - located in Los Angeles- The Temptations - being produced by Norman Whitfield - interested in doing what S...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Classical Music<\/div>
Music and Emotions<\/a><\/div>
...music's influence on us - the poetry of the air - can move your emotions - music can manipulate us - advertisers know this - to persuade us to buy something - e.g. a high end watch - Mozart, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik - reinforces the message, that this watch is a classic - it's timeless like Mozart's music - certain music works better at different times...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Understanding Einstein: The Special Theory of Relativity<\/div>
Einstein's Life Up To 1905<\/a><\/div>
...\"annus mirabilis\" - phrase originally referred to - the year 1666 for Isaac Newton - in London at university - outbreak of plague - retreated to family farm to get away from plague where he - 1. laid his foundations for the theory of gravity - 2. came up with his theory of calculus - because of these astounding discoveries by someone in his 20s, 1666 was c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Herodotus and The Histories<\/a><\/div>
...Herodotus (484-425 BC) - [hair-ODD-ih-tus] - invented the genre of history - born in Halicarnassus (today: Bodrum, Turkey) - we don't know much about his personal life - he comes up in his texts now and then but doesn't tell much about himself - tells legends but none very reliable - lived among the survivors and witnesses of the war against Persia - traveled quite w...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Philadelphia Sound and Soul Train<\/a><\/div>
...Philadelphia Sound - Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff - had been independent producers in 60s - working like Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller - writers of such crossover hit songs such as \"Hound Dog\" - Black Pop and Funk start to have commercial potentiality - CBS strikes a deal with Gamble and Huff - established Philadelphia International Records - characteristics - l...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
The First Persian War and the Battle of Marathon<\/a><\/div>
...Cyrus II of Persia [SIGH-rus] (576\u2013530 BC) - conquered Croesus [KREE-sus] and took over Lydia - 530 BC killed in battle - Magi {MAY-jigh] took over for a short time - 6th century BC followers of Zoroastrianism - Darius I [dah-RIGH-us] 550-486 BC - ruled for long time: 522-486 BC - modern day Iran - Bahiston inscription [bah-HIS-ston] - \"the place of god\" -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Archaeological Theories on the History of Israel<\/a><\/div>
...John Bright - A History of Israel (1959) - chapters - Age of the Patriarchs - Exodus and Conquest - Period of the Judges - United Monarchy of Saul, David and Solomon - Divided Monarchies of Israel and Judah - Exile, Return, Restoration - a conservative history which for the most part replicates the Biblical story- since the 80s and 90s most historians ar...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Blaxploitation Soundtracks<\/a><\/div>
...Blaxploitation films - an important step in film making for African American actors, writers and producers - if you look at the history of film leading up to the early 1970s - you will see that while there were in fact black actors who were featured in films - they didn't have the exposure or important and central roles that the white actors had - as directors and producers, ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Devenir entrepreneur du changement<\/div>
Corentin et son projet Gold of Bengal<\/a><\/div>
...Corentin de Chatelperron - ing\u00e9nieur g\u00e9n\u00e9raliste - il a commenc\u00e9 avec un copain \u00e0 vouloir monter une bo\u00eete d'\u00e9cotourisme - le project n'a pas march\u00e9 - on voulait d\u00e9velopper un concept d'\u00e9cotourisme - o\u00f9 les gens viennent vivre une exp\u00e9rience tr\u00e8s proche de la nature - o\u00f9 ils comprennent le fonctionnement de la nature - pour cr\u00e9er de l'empathie avec les gens - il a ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
El Descendimiento<\/a><\/div>
...Rogier Van der Weyden - naci\u00f3 en Tournai, en B\u00e9lgica - trabaj\u00f3 all\u00ed y en Bruselas - fue muy valorado ya en vida - realiz\u00f3 su obra entre las d\u00e9cadas de 1430 y 1460- El Descendimiento - lo pint\u00f3 hacia 1435 - un cuadro grande para el siglo XV - mide 220 X 260 cent\u00edmetros - las figuras son casi de tama\u00f1o real - el cuadro est\u00e1 en el Museo del Prado, en Madrid -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Confucius' View on Learning vs. The Enlightenment<\/a><\/div>
...Confucius on learning - xue [shee-AY-ah] - often translated as \"study\" - better translation is \"learning\" - just as process of ritual gives us a language for acting, allows us to behave like cultured human being - hand shakes - thank you notes - xue (learning\/studying) allows us to think like cultured human beings - today in Western society we are very much believers in ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greeks at War: Homer at Troy<\/div>
Background of the Trojan War<\/a><\/div>
...the Greeks have left us extraordinary testimony about war - they were as bellicose as any people who ever lived - they were also highly literate - and some of their greatest writers wrote about war - Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) - greatest poet of WWI - Anti-war poem which ends with the words, \"It is fine and honorable to die for your country\" - a quotation from the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Magic in the Middle Ages<\/div>
The Origin of the Word Magic<\/a><\/div>
...the end of the Roman world - the beginning of the Late Antiquity - dismantling of previous structures - Roman, Judeo-Christian, and Germanic cultures merged - the magic practiced in these cultures merged as well, producing new combinations of magic practices - the frontiers between magic and religion were not so clearly established in people's minds - among Romans, magical pra...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Human Rights and the Meaning of Membership within Societies<\/a><\/div>
...the French Revolution changed the nature of imperial rivalry - now total wars were fought over the very existence of the colonies within empires - Goya and many other painters - wars are now between peoples for peoples - bodies were now sites for political conflict - not fighting over territory or dynasty - fighting over the meaning of membership in society - shifting...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Hieronymus Bosch : El jard\u00edn de las delicias<\/a><\/div>
...Hieronymus Bosch [high-RON-i-mos] - en Espa\u00f1a se conoce como El Bosco - trabaj\u00f3 a finales del siglo XV - principios del XVI - un artista muy original - autor de escenas moralizantes de gran fantas\u00eda - se encuentran m\u00e1s cerca de la mentalidad medieval que del Renacimiento - pero tambi\u00e9n fue un hombre de su tiempo - tuvo mucho \u00e9xito y fue muy imitada - se fals...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Understanding Einstein: The Special Theory of Relativity<\/div>
The Annus Mirabilis Papers of 1905<\/a><\/div>
...in 1905, Einstein, a 26-year-old patent clerk, wrote five papers which changed how humanity views reality - completely unexpected - he certainly was a good physics student but up to this point had done nothing extraordinary - the five papers - 1. March 1905: light quantum - \"On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light\" - introduced the idea...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Napoleon, New Nations, and Total War<\/a><\/div>
...with kings and queens no longer seen as the custodians of sovereignty - who is going to protect these human rights? - how would societies protect these rights? - it was the nation which was the new place in which sovereignty was being invested - the nation would protect the rights of the citizens of the nation - everyone in the nation was equally endowed with these rights -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Reason and Persuasion Through Plato's Dialogues<\/div>
Alcibiades on Socrates<\/a><\/div>
...Symposium (\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) - a Greek drinking party - Plato's Symposium is about giving speeches - Alcibiades [al-si-BIGH-i-deez] - last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, the Alcmaeonidae [\u1f08\u03bb\u03ba\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9] - gives a speech about how great Socrates is - Socrates is a great man, but it's hard to say what makes him great - 1. you can't compare him to anyone...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Patinir, el buen pintor de paisajes<\/a><\/div>
...Patinir - naci\u00f3 en el sur de B\u00e9lgica - trabaj\u00f3 la mayor parte de su vida en Amberes, desde 1515 hasta 1524 - Amberes era una de las principales ciudades de Europa - sobre todo por su actividad comercial - el incremento de la riqueza en Europa en este momento - llev\u00f3 a un aumento en la producci\u00f3n de todo tipo de bienes, entre ellos las obras de arte - una de las in...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Slavery and Freedom in Roman Corinth<\/a><\/div>
...slavery and freedom - 1 Corinthians 6:20 - \"You were bought with a price\" - 1 Corinthians 7:17, 21-24 - \"For he who was called in the Lord as a slave is a freedperson of the Lord. Likewise s\/he who was free when called is a slave of Christ. You were bought with a price, do not become slaves of humans.\" - 1 Corinthians 9:19 - \"For though I am free from a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greeks at War: Homer at Troy<\/div>
Was the Trojan War a Historical Event?<\/a><\/div>
...the Trojan War - if it was fought, was the first great encounter between East and West - the origin of the divide between us and the others - a divide which continues to play itself out today in the context of Middle Eastern politics - the Trojan War reminds us that the divide has always been there - its roots are so ancient that they may never be eradicated - Homer tells us ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Alexander the Great<\/div>
The Peloponnesian War and Internal Greek Struggles<\/a><\/div>
...Athenians in second half of the 5th century BC - recapture the Aegean Islands from the Persians - push the Persians away from the coast of Asia Minor - 450 BC peace signed - gave Greek cities on coast of Asia Minor the right to follow their own laws - soon the ever quarreling gave the Persians reasons to reassert their influence there - 431-404 BC Peloponnesian War - 4...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Making Sense of News<\/div>
The Use of Press Releases in Journalism<\/a><\/div>
...why care about news - some news stories directly affect our lives - numerous people taking to the street in your community - a deadly disease that breaks out - the unemployment rate reaching a record high - today what we do on the Internet can determine news - e.g. picture posted on Facebook of racist restaurant sign in China that was picked up as a story by many internat...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
The Fourth Amendment: Protection from Unreasonable Search and Seizure<\/a><\/div>
...Penn Law has this goat as mascot - based on Chinese legend that a goat would decide who was guilty- Dollree Mapp (1923-2014) - 1957, police searched her house looking for someone - she know she was protected to tell them no if they didn't have a warrant - she asked to see the warrant - most of us have learned about warrants from the TV or movies - but a warrant actually...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Eponymous Ancestors in the Bible<\/a><\/div>
...one can understand Christianity by focusing on three questions - 1. who is Israel? - 2. who is Jesus? - 3. who is the Church? - answering each one of the questions has implications for answering the other two - as the three questions are intimately related- 1. who is Israel? - the Book of Exodus Chapter 4 answers this question - Lord says to Moses: - go back to Egyp...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
An\u0101tman: Buddha's Concept of the Not-Self<\/a><\/div>
...the concept of the not-self - two ways to understand it - 1. intellectual: reading about it - 2. experiential: meditating on it - the discourse on the not-self - where the Buddha talked about the not-self - the second sermon he delivered after his enlightenment - first was discourse on the four truths - testament to the importance of the not-self in Bu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
The Uniqueness of James Brown<\/a><\/div>
...the two founding fathers of funk and black pop in the 1970s - 1. Sly Stone - 2. James Brown - came out of 1950s into 1960s - groove-based approach - interesting kind of aggressive yet absolutely non-threatening vocal approach with outrageous phrases as the key lyric - you wouldn't listen to these songs to be edified by the lyrics - these are not singer-songwriter lyri...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Pieter Bruegel el Viejo<\/a><\/div>
...Pieter Bruegel el Viejo - naci\u00f3 hacia 1525 y muri\u00f3 en 1569 - aparte de pintor, fue un gran dibujante - trabaj\u00f3 principalmente en Bruselas y en Amberes - sus ideas sobre los seres humanos y el mundo eran propias del Renacimiento - pero su estilo pict\u00f3rico est\u00e1 lejos de los c\u00e1nones de la pintura italiana del siglo XVI- \"La cosecha\" - data de 1565, cerca del final de la v...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
L\u0092'articulation des sources: subsidiarit\u00e9 et compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9<\/a><\/div>
...selon une tendance qui est assez commun\u00e9ment r\u00e9pandue, les droits de l'homme eclipseraient les droits fondamentaux d'origine nationale - ils auraient ainsi vocation en quelque sorte \u00e0 les remplacer - cette vision n'est pas exacte - les rapports entre les droits fondamentaux et les droits de l'homme sont effectivement souvent m\u00e9connus et incompris- pour comprendre cette articulatio...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Rise of the Iron Age Kingdoms<\/a><\/div>
...most Biblical archeologists and historians of ancient Israel no longer work with the periodization of the Biblical narrative - Biblical narrative - the patriarchs - Abraham, Isaac, Jacob - the matriarchs - Sarah, Rebekah, Leah and Rachel - exodus from Egypt - conquest of Canaan - have instead recognized that the Biblical narrative is a composite piece - was comp...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Greeks at War: Homer at Troy<\/div>
How Was the Iliad Poem Born?<\/a><\/div>
...the Iliad - product of an oral tradition, as with the the Odyssey - composed over 500 years after the events they describe - most scholars believe there is some historical kernel that got preserved in the memory of the Greeks - was handed down from one generation to another - maybe the war didn't last 10 years - maybe it didn't involve the entire Greek world - maybe Ac...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Alexander the Great<\/div>
Early Macedon<\/a><\/div>
...for most of its early history, Macedonia was a potential superstate - fitfully slumbered through most of that early history waiting for someone to come along and master its fiercely independent tribes and harness its rich resources - that person turned out to be Alexander's father, Philip II - the sheer size of Macedon potentially made it into a dominant power in Greece and even ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Story of Jacob and his Sons<\/a><\/div>
...Jacob became the twelve tribes of Israel - Leah - although the first born, was the less beloved of Jacob's two wives - she gave birth to Jacob's first sons Reuben, Simeon, and Levi - Rachel - in despair over her barren state, provides Jacob with her maidservant Bilhah - the idea being that the sons that Bilhah conceives, Dan and Naphtali, will be adopted by Rachel as her ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Ottoman Empire's 19th Century Tanzimat Reform<\/a><\/div>
...early 19th century, new concepts of citizenship - always present, especially in the colonies - especially in the slave utterly bereft of rights and the master who enjoyed among other things the right to brutalize and rape slaves - Dominican Republic - the question of exclusion and inclusion is poised and electrified - Haiti - Toussaint L'Overture - the black Napoleon...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Our Earth: Its Climate, History, and Processes<\/div>
Measuring Geologic Time<\/a><\/div>
...history of the Earth - events in billions of years ago - 4.57 Earth's formation (Hadean Eon) - 3.8 first evidence of oceans (Archaen Eon) - 2.5 oxygen-rich atmosphere (Proterozoic Eon) - 0.542 explosion of fossils (Phanerozoic Eon) - 0.065 dinosaurs go extinct (Phanerozoic Eon - Cenozoic Era) - 0.0002 first hominids - 0.000022 maximum extent of last Ice Age - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Bob Marley and the Rise of Reggae<\/a><\/div>
...Reggae is often grouped with black pop music of the 1970s - but Reggae music is not really African American music - it's music that comes out of Jamaica- Jamaica - 1950s - they were close enough to New Orleans that they could get the radio broadcasts - rock and roll and R&B perhaps the most influential - tried to imitate the sounds but ending up adding a lilting rhythm...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Understanding Einstein: The Special Theory of Relativity<\/div>
Dirac, Einstein, and Mathematical Beauty<\/a><\/div>
...\"make things as simple as possible, but not simpler\" - Occam's Razor - we don't want to multiply hypotheses unnecessarily - strike a balance between explanatory power and over-complexity- \"Our experience hitherto justifies us in trusting that nature is the realization of the simplest that is mathematically conceivable.\" - how is it that mathematics is so successful in describi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Themistocles, Silver, and Greek Naval Policy<\/a><\/div>
...domestic politics in Athens - not idle during the Persian wars - Miltiades - very respected - victory at Marathon - launched a campaign against the island of Paros - expedition was a failure - upon his return, he was prosecuted - he belong to a clan called the Philaidae - was charged of deceiving the people - had to pay fee which was the annual income of ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Understanding Einstein: The Special Theory of Relativity<\/div>
Events, Clocks, and Observers<\/a><\/div>
...concepts that are fundamental to the special theory of relativity - events, clocks, and observers - this concept is almost trivial in a sense - part of Einstein's genius was to look at these concepts that many people took for granted - what does it mean to observe something? - where something happened - when something happened - e.g. a flash occurring at a specific p...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The Five Aggregates and the Non-Self<\/a><\/div>
...why is the idea that there is not a single self so important in Buddhist thought - how does it help end suffering or Dukkha - the view of some Buddhist scholars: - while the self will not be found in body, feeling, perception, mental formations or consciousness, that doesn't mean there isn't a self - some practicing Buddhists find this a more useful teaching instead of the idea ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Greeks at War: Homer at Troy<\/div>
The Homeric Question and the Trojan War<\/a><\/div>
...nothing is known for certain about Homer - there is a strong tradition that he was blind - this may be based on the idea that his poetic genius compensated for his blindness- 19th century: two groups regarding historicity of Homer - the Analysts - dispute Homer's existence altogether - the poems are a patchwork of works stitched by many hands - the Unitarians - believe...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Alexander the Great<\/div>
The Nature of Macedon<\/a><\/div>
...there were prominent 4th century Greeks who didn't consider the Macedonians to be Greek or Hellenes at all - or they made this claim for rhetorical reasons - what we know is that the Macedonian kings, including Alexander, could speak, write, and read Greek fluently - although some sources indicate that Greeks couldn't necessarily understand Macedonians - because Macedonian was prob...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Our Earth: Its Climate, History, and Processes<\/div>
Rocks and Minerals<\/a><\/div>
...mineral - naturally occurring - something like glass or concrete would not be a mineral - solid crystalline substance - something like opal is not a mineral, which is simply an amorphous form of silica or non-crystalline solid, lacks the long-range order characteristic of a crystal - usually inorganic - we can have some organic minerals e.g. a compound containing organic foo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Biblical Motif of First Born Son<\/a><\/div>
...image of Joseph as shepherd - he's shepherding the flocks with the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah (Leah and Rachel's slaves) - this a strange detail because we know that Joseph is a favorite of his fathers - the ranking of children in terms of prestige followed birth order - and the most prestigious wives would be Leah and Rachel - if Joseph were really important, he would be s...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The World of the String Quartet<\/div>
The History of the String Quartet<\/a><\/div>
...the history of the string quartet - how did it come to be - the term needs to be defined precisely to answer the question - development was as long one - hard to identify a starting point - although string quartets as defined were being performed in the 18th century, the term \"string quartet\" was not fully in use until the 19th century - the term is muddied by its close ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Galaxies and Cosmology<\/div>
20th Century Developments in Cosmology<\/a><\/div>
...dark matter - Fritz Zwicky (1898\u20131974) - 1933 - Caltech - realized that the mass of the Coma Cluster was 400 times the amount of mass in its visible stars - Sinclair Smith - 1936 - Virgo Cluster - other astronomers did not take these statements too seriously since there was no other evidence for them - 1970s is was accepts when more evidence was found - from flat g...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Bronze Age vs. Iron Age Material Culture<\/a><\/div>
...the end of the Last Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age - marks major shift in material culture of central hill country - ##hillcountry - beginning in 13th century - both sides of the Jordan River - a significant rise in the number of small, agricultural settlements - people who occupied these settlements originated from various places - their material cultu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Shepherd Motif<\/a><\/div>
...Israel is another name for Jacob - Jacob had 12 sons- The Joseph Story - the last 14 chapters of the book of Genesis - chapters 37 to 50 - Genesis 37:1 - Joseph speaks ill of Bilhah and Zilpah - Jacob makes Joseph nice coat - Joseph's brothers hate Joseph for this - significant detail - Joseph is introduced in this story as a shepherd - this is typical of...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Early 19th Century Market Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...market revolution - merchants didn't need anymore state sanctions to enjoy their privileges - there emerged a new ideology of free trade - Ali Pasha (1769-1849) made deal with the British to get access to markets - drew inspiration from Adam Smith - coupled with a transformation in finance - new financial actors: merchant bankers - old agrarian aristocracies of China, India...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Xerxes and the Second Invasion of Greece<\/a><\/div>
...Xerxes I (519\u2013465 BC) - 486 BC: took over Persia on the death of his father, Darius - capital in Perseopolis - determine to get revenge on the Greeks for the defeat that they inflicted on his father's troops - begins his rule with enormous power - Herodotus gives up a remarkable psychological portrait of the young king - in a debate as to what he should do - Mardonius...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Alexander the Great<\/div>
Philip II of Macedon's Military Reforms<\/a><\/div>
...Philip II of Macedon's (382\u2013336 BC) military reforms - affected Macedon's ability to wage war significantly - gave Macedonians massive advantagess over - the Hoplite city-states - forces of Persian kings - most important changes: infantry and cavalry - pezhetairoi [\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9] - foot companions - distinguished them from the other group merely called \"companions\"...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Reason and Persuasion Through Plato's Dialogues<\/div>
The Divided Line<\/a><\/div>
...what is a contradiction - logical contradiction - p and not p - \"The ball is red all over and the ball is not red all over.\" - \"I am six feet tall and I am not six feet tall.\" - \"I forgot to turn the gas off when we left for vacation, and I didn't forget to turn the gas off when we left for vacation.\" - psychological contradiction - we are bursting with them - especiall...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Greeks at War: Homer at Troy<\/div>
The Structure of the Iliad<\/a><\/div>
...Homer's vision of war is idiosyncratic - doesn't dwell upon the causalities - participants either die instantly and painlessly or make spectacular recoveries - they don't get shipped back to Greece crippled, blinded, mutilated or insane as in real wars - reasons for this - his audience was primary aristocratic - he was composing for the officer class - the ancien...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Global Upheavals of the Mid-19th Century<\/a><\/div>
...the prophetic Taiping Rebellion led to one of the world's bloodiest civil wars - reflected also the destitution that swept across China in the middle of the 19th century - but poverty and hunger, two of the most proximate causes of this upheaval, are not mere happenstance - except for e.g. unexpected climactic shocks - but on the scale and at the sustained level of what it was i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
The Delian League<\/a><\/div>
...Second Persian War - 479 BC: ended with the battles of Plataea and Mycale - a general sense of euphoria among the Greeks - three practical results from this war - 1. the Persian threat was effectively at an end - 2. a sense of Greek unity, at least briefly - Greek states made an offering at Delphi - a column commemorating this was taken from Delphi to Istanbul by Em...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
History of the Central Highland States<\/a><\/div>
...history central highland states - Biblical story - Book of Samuel - authority shifting along a succession of judges - people of Israel assemble and petition the prophet Samuel to find a king - so Isreal could be like other nations - Samuel says this is not what God wants, our king is alone Yahweh - but then under the direction of Yahweh himself, Samuel gives in and ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Train, the Rifle, and the Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...the global upheavals that happening in the mid 19th century were part of a global economic process - result of changes that began to intensify - a shift in the world from interconnected to interdependent - societies which were able to take care of themselves were now increasingly dependent on other societies - societies are not just in contact with each other, they're not even just...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Leonardo da Vinci<\/a><\/div>
...el Bosco y Brueghel siguieron una tradici\u00f3n muy diferente de la que domin\u00f3 la pintura europea desde principios del siglo XVI - que se inspiraba en el arte de tres artistas principales - 1. Leonardo da Vinci - 2. Miguel \u00c1ngel - 3. Rafael- Leonardo da Vinci - en el Renacimiento la confianza de los seres humanos en sus propias capacidades, llev\u00f3 a la idea de que pod\u00edan destacar e...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
The Backlash Against Disco<\/a><\/div>
...Disco - just the word is enough to anger 1970s rock and rollers - how can you get so upset about a style of popular music? - as if you wanted to stamp it out - and wish it never existed in the first place - it was a dance craze for sure - rejects some important elements of the hippy aesthetic - the reaction may have to do with the misunderstanding of black pop - most whi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Reason and Persuasion Through Plato's Dialogues<\/div>
Socrates and The Apology<\/a><\/div>
...what is Socrate's like? - at the start of Euthyphro - Socrates and Euthyphro meet outside the Archon Basileus' court - Archon Basileus - official in charge of overseeing religious matters in Athens - holds hearings in cases of alleged, religious crime - which is why Socrates and Euthyphro are before him on this day ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Greeks at War: Homer at Troy<\/div>
Homer, the Heroic Code, and the Wastage of War<\/a><\/div>
...takes place as a series of individual encounters, not has a continuous narrative - monotonous for some modern readers - two warriors engage, one is hit, his limbs collapse, darkness descends, and then we're on to the next engagement - only once do we get a sense of the sweep of the battlefield - when Zeus holds up his golden scales to determine which side should prevail - the Tr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Letters of the Apostle Paul<\/div>
Slavery in First Corinthians<\/a><\/div>
...Rome refounded Corinth as a colony of free persons- some scholars read references to slavery in Paul's letters as metaphorical or abstract - e.g. inner freedom or slavery as sin - in Romans, \"You are set free from sin and have become slaves of God\" - Paul talks about himself as a slave - when he was not a literal slave - \"For though I am free from all, I have made myself sla...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Joseph's Dreams<\/a><\/div>
...issue of choseness - Jacob was renamed Isreal - Jacob is the chosen son over his brother Esau - poses problems for both men - important for the Bible's understanding of what choseness is all about - Joseph is the chosen son of his father - creates problems and challenges in the family - Joseph knows he is the privileged son and exploits this privilege to his own benefi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Emergence of Life<\/div>
Scientific Inquiry<\/a><\/div>
...scientific inquiry - progressive, looping feedback of multiple stages of inquire that culminate in the establishment of a new cycle of inquiry - an infinite process of hypothesizing, testing, observing - stages on spiral that narrows onto a problem area - initiation - pre-experimentation - pilot experimentation - experimentation - post-experiementation - re-iterate a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Alexander the Great<\/div>
Alexander's Cavalry Units<\/a><\/div>
...raising horses - central Greece - the land and resources of not particularly suited to rearing horses, which require: - fields - fodder - water - people who could spend high amounts of time tending to them - none of these are in abundance - lower Macedon - broad fields - much food - much water - large group of Macedonian nobles were willing to spend t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
The Fifth Amendment and the Miranda Warning<\/a><\/div>
...Ernesto Miranda didn't know he had a right to remain silent - Miranda was arrested based on circumstantial evidence linking him to a rape - circumstantial evidence - evidence that is not based on direct observation or physical evidence - the police interrogated him for two hours without telling him he didn't have to answer their questions - in the end, he confessed - this c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Les villes africaines<\/a><\/div>
...des villes africaines - du passage de l'urbanisation \u00e0 la ville - des formes d'urbanisation en forme des villes - il n'existe pas un seul mod\u00e8le de ville, une seule ville africaine qu'on retrouverait du Maghreb jusqu'\u00e0 l'Afrique du Sud - mais une multiplicit\u00e9- pour deux tiers d'entre elles, des villes sont de littoral - il y a une proximit\u00e9 de la mer - des villes portuaires...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
The Place of Ardipithecus<\/a><\/div>
...Ardipithecus - important in the early evolution of the hominids - not every paleontologist agrees if Ardipithecus is connected to homo sapien lineage or not - but it sheds light into what the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos - a genus of hominids that lives between 5.5 and 4.4 million years ago - homo sapiens probably shared a common ancestor to chimpanzees an...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
William Wordsworth: Poetry, People and Place<\/div>
The Life of William Wordsworth<\/a><\/div>
...William Wordsworth - one of the greatest poets of the English language - born 1770 in Cockermouth, north west England - English lake district - mountainous area know for its scenery - much of his poetry especially his Prelude described his childhood in this area - nature took on parental role for him - who died when he was 13 - formally schooled in grammar school in ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Transition in India: Last of the Mughals<\/a><\/div>
...mid-19th century India - a story that braids together the stories of - the railroad - the Enfield rifle - the political shifts that are being imposed on the subcontinent - the protracted crisis in India is in contrast to what is happening in the United States - two major cotton exporters faced with two very different political fortunes - the pressures mounting for free mark...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Problematic of Chosenness: Samuel and Joseph<\/a><\/div>
...Samuel - many parallels between Samuel and Joseph - like Joseph - Samuel is about to be elevated to a position of high authority - Samuel's elevation is going to come at the cost of someone else - replaces the priest Eli - Eli's sons had misused their priestly privileges - so God decided to end this priestly house's service within the temple - God revealed the g...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Miracles of Human Language<\/div>
The Nature of Human Language<\/a><\/div>
...language is one of the most important distinguishing characteristics of human beings - we used language to - communicate - think - show who we are - which group of human beings we belong to or want to belong to - hard to imagine any part of human society where language is not used- languages which we may call languages but are not languages in the linguistic sense - p...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
L'implantation dans l'ordre juridique des Etats<\/a><\/div>
...l'implantation des droits de l'homme dans l'ordre juridique des \u00c9tats - cette implantation est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui varie fortement en fonction des \u00c9tats - de leurs traditions constitutionnelles respectives - les \u00c9tats sont et restent fondamentalement libres d'adh\u00e9rer et de ratifier les trait\u00e9s dans le domaine des droits de l'homme - il ne le fait pas toujours exclusivement pour des con...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Confucius and Holistic Education<\/a><\/div>
...the arts in education - modern Western view of arts - something you do on the side - an optional extra - or Confucius, the arts are crucial in shaping people - and the most important art for Confucius was music- the term for music: yue [yeah] - very broad - music - playing an instrument - singing - dancing - whereas observing ritual changed you gradually by de...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
From Delian League to Athenian Empire<\/a><\/div>
...allies requested that Athens take over the leadership of the voluntary confederation the Delian League - main goals of the Delian League - 1. defense against Persia - 2. equality and autonomy for all members - 3. annual contributions from each member-state - Athens was first among equals - had the conditions set up to come to dominate - Athenian ability to build and man t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Controversies of British Imperialism<\/div>
19th Century India and South Africa<\/a><\/div>
...expansion in India - mid 18th century - initially a rivalry with the French - over next century - large areas of India came under British control - assumed a new important for Britain - economically - strategically - militarily - after loss of 13 American colonies - India fixed itself in the English imagination as the jewel in the British imperial crown in Victo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Greeks at War: Homer at Troy<\/div>
The Warrior's Experience of War<\/a><\/div>
...one of the most impressive aspects of the Iliad is the way Homer comprehends the mental state of the warrior - how the warrior is affected and changed over time by constant exposure to danger - and by seeing his comrades die - how war dehumanizes - and why people fight even if they don't believe in the justice of the cause - or in their actually being any cause - so it is imp...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1975-1980: The Rise of the Mega-\u0391lbum<\/a><\/div>
...second half of the seventies - FM radio changed over the course of the 1970s - started as free form, you can play anything you want, disc jockey was in complete control - as it became popular, more stations switched to the album-oriented rock format - more possibility of profits being made - so only had songs that people wanted to hear - radio was not just radio, it was...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Miguel \u00c1ngel y la Capilla Sixtina<\/a><\/div>
...Miguel \u00c1ngel Buonarroti - a quien conocemos como Miguel \u00c1ngel - vivi\u00f3 de 1475 a 1564 - se form\u00f3 en Florencia - trabaj\u00f3 durante toda su vida entre esa ciudad y en Roma - donde trabaj\u00f3 para los papas - fue escultor, arquitecto, pintor y tambi\u00e9n un gran dibujante - para comprender toda su dimensi\u00f3n como artista, es importante recordar - la c\u00fapula de San Pedro en el Vatica...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Judah After the Babylonian Conquest<\/a><\/div>
...Judea after the Babylonian conquest - Biblical text suggests that the area of Judah remained in an empty state of ruins during the exile - almost every urban and military installation from the 7th century in Judah was destroyed or abandoned - with few exceptions these remained unoccupied until well into the Persian period - scholars seem to agree on the point that there was an urban...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Pericles: Aristocrat, Orator and Democratic Citizen<\/a><\/div>
...Pericles - there are very few people who have given their names to a period in history, Pericles is one of them - The Age of Pericles - 495-429 BC - the golden age of Athenian culture - brilliant general, orator, patron of the arts and politician - he was the first citizen of democratic Athens, according to the historian Thucydides - his family background was as elite...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Alexander the Great<\/div>
Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)<\/a><\/div>
...during large, set-piece battles that Alexander fought - companion cavalry usually stationed on right-hand side - on the left-hand side, the Cavalry of Thessaly - 1800 man strong unit - commanded by a Macedonian officer - fought in a diamond or rhomboid shape - a defensive shape - allowed to fight in any direction - Battle of Gugamela - though heavily outnumbe...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Greek and Roman Mythology<\/div>
Odysseus and Circe<\/a><\/div>
...Aeolus [\u0391\u1f34\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2] - foreign kind who has control of all the winds - has all the winds stuffed into a single bag - his sons and daughters marry one another - even in Greek mythology, brother and sister marriages count as prohibited - so Aeolus is being represented even by Homer as a bit strange and exotic - again, the curiosity of Odysseus' men leads to a problem - they ca...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Emergence of the Modern Middle East<\/div>
The Ottoman Empire's Changing Balance of Power with Europe<\/a><\/div>
...dramatic change with the balance of power with Europe - up until the middle of the 18th century, the Ottomans could feel to be on an equal footing with Europe - and before this period even superior to Europe - in the last quarter of the 18th century, a dramatic change began to took place - the gab in science, technology, military and economic power was shifting in favor of the E...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Reason and Persuasion Through Plato's Dialogues<\/div>
Socrates' Approach to Argumentation<\/a><\/div>
...if you're a logician, then argument means something like: - a set of two or more propositions - at least one of which is a premise - at least one of which is a conclusion - a rational structure in which premises give reasons for conclusions - argument can also mean people fighting - a proof in a geometry book is an argument - an angry bar fight is an argument - if you ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Continuity Bands in the 1970s<\/a><\/div>
...bands from who continued what they were doing in the first half of 1970s also in the second half - The Rolling Stones - 1976 Black and Blue - \"Fools Cry\" - 1978 Some Girls - \"Beast of Burden\" - \"Miss You\" - became a disco song - 1980 Emotional Rescue - they outlasted disco and punk - The Beatles' members - Paul McCartney - by far the most commerciall...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 and Its Ramifications<\/a><\/div>
...a mass upheaval in the 1850s - with echos around the world - would bring down both - the East India Company - last of the Mughal empires - the Enfield rifle would play a staring role in the saga - pressures to modernize faiths - Hindus - Muslims - accommodate rationalism into their explanations of the world - reconcile beliefs with new concepts of - individuali...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Joseph in the Pit: Descent and Ascent<\/a><\/div>
...after Joseph revealed his dreams to his brothers - Jacob, foolishly, sends him off to check on the well-being of his brothers - and return report - Genesis 37:17-12 - they conspire against him to kill him - here comes the dreamer - throw him into a pit - and say a wild beast devoured him - Reuben heard this, said to not take his life - shed no blood...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior<\/div>
Why People Cheat and Its Economic Impact<\/a><\/div>
...fudge factor - due to our flexible cognitive ability, the fact that we can rationalize things very quickly, as long as we cheat just a little bit, we can both benefit from cheating, and we can still see ourselves as honorable people - the moment we start creating a dishonest behavior, there is a range before it invokes a different concept of ourselves, and in that range, we can both be dish...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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War for the Greater Middle East<\/div>
Events of 1979 That Changed American Foreign Policy<\/a><\/div>
...Operation Eagle Claw - America's war in the greater Middle East began over 30 years ago - no shots fired - Americans didn't engage their adversaries - but 8 American soldiers died - location called Desert One - 200 miles south east of Tehran - the purpose was to free several Americans - mission ended in failure - bad planning - defective equipment - poor coo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Aristote dans son contexte<\/a><\/div>
...il n'y a pas une d\u00e9finition de l'\u00e9thique - dans le d\u00e9bat contemporain, il y a une pluralit\u00e9 de conceptions de l'\u00e9thique, qui se rattachent \u00e0 des courants divers - parmi ces courants, certains s'enracinent tr\u00e8s loin dans notre histoire occidentale- l'\u00e9thique inspir\u00e9e d'Aristote - il enracine son \u00e9thique pr\u00e9cisement dans la nature - dans une conception qui comprend aussi, le monde ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Italian Opera<\/div>
Le nozze di Figaro: The Music Conveys the Drama<\/a><\/div>
...when we think of Italian opera, we often think of Rome, Venice, Florence, Milan - yet in the late 18th century, much Italian opera occurred in Vienna - Mozart - Antonio Salieri - Mart\u00edn y Soler - few works that were created in the late 18th century had come to us unaltered - usually not played on the kinds of instruments Mozart wrote for - singers are trained differentl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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America Through Foreign Eyes<\/div>
Gule Wamkulu Masks of the Chewa People<\/a><\/div>
...Africa - extremely heterogeneous place - second largest and second most populous continent after Asia - 54 different countries - 1 billion people - 1500 difference languages - sprawling massive cities - Lagos, Nigeria - more than 5 million people - millions of people in small villages and towns- history of Africa and America - bound up in the transatlantic slave tra...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Factors Leading to the Depopulation Of Israel<\/a><\/div>
...how can we explain the demographic decline of Judah after the Babylonia conquest - where did everyone go? - were they all deported to Babylon?- wars in antiquity - death tolls were usually quite high, due to: - lack evacuation - lack medicine - lack of sanitation - siege warfare - in Judah, wars usually meant people in countryside taking refuge behind municipal for...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Confucius and the Art of Self-Cultivation<\/a><\/div>
...strength of the Confucian strategy - taking cold, abstract system 2 knowledge and build it into our hot system, so it becomes automatic - creating moral skills - give you flexibility and autonomy - don' need to rely on your system 2 cognition - cultivating the self - ritual - the classics - archery - music - various arts - you learn these culture forms - y...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Qu'est-ce que le bien?<\/a><\/div>
...l'\u00e9thique d'Aristote - est une \u00e9thique t\u00e9l\u00e9ologique, qui vise un but - est une \u00e9thique eud\u00e9moniste, ce but, c'est le bonheur - s'appuie sur une psychologie- la m\u00e9thode d'Aristote - inductive - alors que d'autres philosophies partent d'un grand principe et d\u00e9duisent de ce grand principe ses applications pratiques, Aristote va partir de ce qui est - il va partir de la natur...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Hans Christian Andersen\u2019s Fairy Tales<\/div>
The Life of Hans Christian Andersen<\/a><\/div>
...artistically, socially, and culturally, Hans Christian Andersen was a mold-breaker - \"The Fairy Tale of My Life\", autobiography - described himself as a bog-plant which had its roots deeply anchored in mire and mud - but which reached up and stretched for the light and the sun- born in Odense in 1805 - moved from being a poor, working-class boy to being a famous author - beca...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Psychology<\/div>
Theory of Mind<\/a><\/div>
...theory of mind - our ability to perceive what others seem to be perceiving - put ourselves in someone else's place and have a sense of what they are feeling - critical for social behavior - pro-social - the extent that we can understand each other and behave in accordance with that understanding - orders of consciousness - first-order consciousness - person #1 has a sense ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Left Brain, Right Brain, and The Self<\/a><\/div>
...what do we make of this thing we call the self? - the thing that we call the self, the conscious me, the thing that we think is running the show, may not be running as much of the show as we think - we may be attributing much more power and control to this concept than it really deserves - this idea goes back to pre-modern psychology - Freud: the self is controlled in large part b...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Darwin's Effect on 19th Century Ideas<\/a><\/div>
...Charles Darwin - developed an early fascination with natural history - educated at Edinburgh and Cambridge - advisers encouraged him to explore his world - a world that was becoming both interconnected and interdependent - an example in which the worlds horizons were opening up - technological revolutions - French Revolution - advent of free trade - embarked on a five y...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Ancient Greeks<\/div>
Sophocles' Antigone: Tragedy and Athenian Civic Life<\/a><\/div>
...the Greek theater in 5th century BC - today we see theater as entertainment, something like television or movies - in 5th century Athens, theater, particularly tragic theater, was central to cultural, political, civic life - early history is hard to define - but always connected to ritual - always connected to the god Dionysus - god of wine, shape changing, masks - see...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Aristote: La vertu et la prudence<\/a><\/div>
...Aristote: \"un cheval est un bon cheval, non seulement lorsqu'il a tout ce qu'il faut pour faire un bon cheval, mais lorsqu'il sert bien son cavalier pour la course ou pour faire face \u00e0 l'ennemi\" - le cheval - un bon cheval ne l'est pas simplement, par ses capacit\u00e9s, mais par l'exercice de ses capacit\u00e9s - il ne s'agit pas simplement d'\u00eatre un bon cheval, mais d'\u00eatre un excellent cheval...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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D\u00e9couvrir l'anthropologie<\/div>
La base du projet scientifique de l'anthropologie<\/a><\/div>
...il y a l'id\u00e9e que l'anthropologie n'est pas une science - qu'est-ce qu'une science? - produire des savoirs \u00e0 partir de m\u00e9thodes d'investigation rigoureuses v\u00e9rifiables et reproductibles - en sciences sociales - les mani\u00e8res de faire science varient selon qu'on soit dans diff\u00e9rents paradigmes, diff\u00e9rents mod\u00e8les - on oppose souvent le mod\u00e8le compr\u00e9hensif au mod\u00e8le explicatif...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Les vertus et l'\u00e9ducation<\/a><\/div>
...les vertus cardinales - 1. la prudence - 2. la temp\u00e9rance - 3. la force - 4. la justice- la justice - avec les premi\u00e8res on pourrait avoir l'impression que pour \u00eatre \u00e9thique, pour \u00eatre un homme de bien, pour \u00eatre heureux, nous pouvons l'\u00eatre seul - ce serait m\u00e9conna\u00eetre un point essentiel - nous sommes des \u00eatres sociaux - nous avons besoin de la relation aux autres da...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Narratives of Nonviolence in the American Civil Rights Movement<\/div>
Strategies of a Nonviolent Civil Rights Movement<\/a><\/div>
...strategies of a civil rights movement - an action taken for a civil rights cause has multiple purposes - e.g. going to jail is a form of civil disobedience - 1. confronts and challenges the system which makes the laws - 2. helps individuals who are challenging the system - strengthens their resolve - shows a deep amount of commitment - attract others to join the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Visualizing Postwar Tokyo<\/div>
Post-War Americanization in Tokyo<\/a><\/div>
...sudden Americanization process - Anglo-Japanese Conversation Manual - short and small book - became a best-seller, sold 3.6 million copies - basic American conversation - Radio Program: \"Come Come English\" - Radio Program: \"News From America\" - Comic Book: \"Blondie\" - American exhibitions - Film - the most effective method of Americanization process - films were a c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Naissance du \u00ab th\u00e9\u00e2tre moderne \u00bb en France<\/a><\/div>
...le th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique a une longue histoire et il a un d\u00e9but - ce d\u00e9but c'est le milieu du XVIe si\u00e8cle - avec un rejet du th\u00e9\u00e2tre qui a exist\u00e9 jusqu'alors - qui s'\u00e9tait d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 progressivement au Moyen \u00e2ge - avec des genres religieux comme - le miracle - la moralit\u00e9 - le myst\u00e8re - les passions - des genres populaires comme les farces et les soties - dans l...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Factors Which Led to the Solidifying of Nation States<\/a><\/div>
...irony of the mid-19th century - while naturalists such as Darwin were emphasizing the commonness of human kind - societies were going about creating national identities which separated us from each other - claimed that there were some fundamental differences between members of different nations - these differences increasing took on the language of race - it's was difficult to...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Les villes africaines et la crise urbaine<\/a><\/div>
...les migrants est une force vive de la ville africaine aujourd'hui - la migration et une question de l'attirance - les villes attirent - les campagnes font que les gens se sentent oblig\u00e9s de migrer vers la ville - parce que la plupart des campagnes n'arrivent pas \u00e0 subvenir aux besoins de l'entier des populations - \u00e0 l'inverse, il y a aussi un fort pouvoir d'attraction de la vil...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Permanence de trag\u00e9die jusqu'au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle<\/a><\/div>
...le th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique s'organise donc autour de deux genres - 1. la trag\u00e9die - 2. la com\u00e9die - il y a une hi\u00e9rarchie entre ces deux genres - exactement la m\u00eame hi\u00e9rarchie qu'on retrouvait dans la Po\u00e9tique d'Aristote - son ouvrage fondateur sur la th\u00e9orie des genres du th\u00e9\u00e2tre - red\u00e9couvert par les hommes de la Renaissance - la trag\u00e9die se distingue de la com\u00e9die par deux...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Three Descents and Ascents of Joseph<\/a><\/div>
...the three ascents of Joseph - 1. he's dropped into the pit, and lifted out of the pit - 2. he's dropped into Egypt to serve as a slave, but then he is hired as a servant of Potiphar - after the incident with Potifar's wife he makes Joseph descend one more time - 3. dropped into prison but ascends once again to the court of Pharaoh - Genesis 41:14: Then Pharaoh sent adn called ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
Carl von Clausewitz: On War<\/a><\/div>
...Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) - Prussian general - in his book \"On War\" tried to distill a concept of war - a book that would have lasting influence on thoughts about war in the 19th century and beyond - On War - unfinished masterpiece - a collection of puzzle pieces that don't add up to one unified image - struggled in his life to come to terms with the profound chan...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Dinosaur Paleobiology<\/div>
Saurischians: Sauropods, Theropods, and Prosauropods<\/a><\/div>
...we can use features of skeletons to divide dinosaurs into smaller and smaller groups - pelvis - two main shapes of the pelvis - Ornithischia (\"bird hip dinosaur\") - Stegosaurus (155-150 Ma, Jurassic) - Saurischia (\"lizard hip dinosaur\") - 1. Sauropods (\"long neck dinosaurs\") - e.g. Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus - largest land an...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Comment devient-on vertueux<\/a><\/div>
...pour Aristote, l'\u00e9thique concernait l'ensemble des personnes - pas simplement une petite \u00e9lite - mais l'ensemble des personnes - comment est-ce qu'on peut devenir un homme ou une femme de bien - il faut d'abord se demander - quel genre de personne nous voulons \u00eatre - quel genre de personne nous voulons devenir - se poser la question du but de notre vie - quel ser...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Elephantine Papyri<\/a><\/div>
...Elephantine Papyri - isle in the Nile - we have extra-Biblical evidence of a community that lives in Egypt - has a garrison of Persian troops - one of them is from Judah - there is a body of Papyri - relate to the Jewish communal life there - 495-399 BCE - not about military operations - insights into the ways the Judahites lived among themselves and with...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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War for the Greater Middle East<\/div>
Carter's 1979 Warnings of Dependency on Middle East Oil<\/a><\/div>
...1979 Carter - if he was going to have any chance of reelection in 1980, he needed to demonstrate that he had a viable plan for remedying the economic woes - Carter didn't turn around the economy - critics blamed him for events abroad - November 1980 Reagan won - what Carter tried to do in 1979 - Carter didn't believe that the oil crisis was the main problem - but only a s...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Rock and Roll in the Second Half of the 1970s<\/a><\/div>
...Progressive Rock in the 1970s - King Crimson - 1974 disbanded - Genesis - Peter Gabriel left the band after \"The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway\" - after a search for a singer, they decided to use the drummer, Phil Collins - 1976 A Trick of the Tail - Genesis continued on without any real disruption - although Peter Gabriel fans won't agree - but this was true at least a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
At Home in Virtue<\/a><\/div>
...virtue - a disposition to behave in the right way in a particular type of situation - to perceive the situation in the right way - virtues are domain specific - specific Confucius virtues - 1. filial piety - the virtual of being a good, obedient child - a suite of actions and emotions that instruct how the child should act in relation to the parent - actions: ser...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1868 Japan: The Meiji Restoration<\/a><\/div>
...development of state power is a condition for national identities- the way nations were created often showed characteristics of the entities which nations wanted to overthrow, namely, empires - so empires didn't slide off the historic stage but get reconstituted- three categories of regimes after Napoleon - 1. some parts of the world still had empires which were in a steady but ine...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Handel\u2019s Messiah and Baroque Oratorio<\/div>
Opera and Oratorios: Constituent Parts<\/a><\/div>
...Handel started out as a composer of operas - Handel's life - born 1685 in Halle - moved to Italy - learned about Italians produce music - came back to Germany - went to England - died 1759 in London - moved to oratorios later - his audience moved with him- the music of oratorios - very like the music of operas - 18th century opera - is a wonderful cre...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Le th\u00e9\u00e2tre r\u00e9gulier et les r\u00e8gles<\/a><\/div>
...le th\u00e9\u00e2tre r\u00e9gulier, soumis \u00e0 des r\u00e8gles - la r\u00e8gle des trois unit\u00e9s - la r\u00e8gle d'unit\u00e9 de temps - la fameuse r\u00e8gle des vingt-quatre heures - la r\u00e8gle d'unit\u00e9 de lieu - la r\u00e8gle d'unit\u00e9 d'action - la concentration autour d'une seule action - par rapport \u00e0 la tragi-com\u00e9die - \u00e0 plusieurs actions - tout doit \u00eatre organis\u00e9 autour d'un ensemble de personnages li\u00e9s entr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Emergence of Life<\/div>
Order of Magnitude in the Sciences<\/a><\/div>
...the concept of scale - a common hurdle in understanding the universe - two dimensions - spatial - how large or how small is something - temporal - how long ago or how far in the future something is - how to do handle the broad scales that we have to deal with for these two dimensions - realize that when studying the world and our universe, spatial and temporal scales ar...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
Medieval Chant Notation<\/a><\/div>
...as Christianity spread throughout Europe in the 300s and 400s CE - singing songs and hymns became part of worshop in Catholic church - text was regularly chanted and set to different melodies - different churchs developed had different musical traditions - even chants that were intended to be the same ended up with slight variations as they were passed from one generation to anothe...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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D\u00e9couvrir l'anthropologie<\/div>
Anthropologie et subjectivit\u00e9<\/a><\/div>
...le mythe de l'anthropologie qui est surd\u00e9termin\u00e9e par la subjectivit\u00e9 - 1. les transformations des faits induites par la place du chercheur - le chercheur est souvent un enjeu n\u00e9gligeable sur son terrain - tout ne tourne pas autour de lui - il y a une impossibilit\u00e9 d'annuler tout effet de la rencontre - il y a une impossibilit\u00e9 de gommer toute part de subjectivit\u00e9 - la me...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of China<\/div>
China: The Second Largest Economy in the World<\/a><\/div>
...why is China interesting - China's economy is already the second largest in the world - second largest economies in history - most number twos in the world run into economic and political trouble - Germany before WWI - Bismarck ran country successively but this led to WWI - Japan until 2011 before being taken over by China - 20 year slump - China today is different...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Key Constitutional Concepts and Supreme Court Cases<\/div>
The Sixth Amendment<\/a><\/div>
...write to have a lawyer - Clarence Earl Gideon - had a rough life - father died when he was three - made it through the 8th grade - ran away, drifted away - ran into trouble with the law - 1961 was working as an electrician - someone broke into a pool room and stole money - someone accused Clarence of the crime - couldn't afford a lawyer - at the time, the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Catharsis et trag\u00e9die<\/a><\/div>
...le lien entre ce que vous \u00eatre en train de dire et la catharsis - Jean Chapelain : Lettre sur la r\u00e8gle des vingt-quatre heures (1630) - il ne paraisse aucune diff\u00e9rence entre l'objet imit\u00e9 et celui qui imite - le but c'est de purger le spectateur de ses passions d\u00e9r\u00e9gl\u00e9es - Aristote a \u00e9crit dans sa Po\u00e9tique un passage dans lequel il dit que le but de la trag\u00e9die c'est de provoq...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Change in the Non-Elect<\/a><\/div>
...the end of the Joseph story - Genesis chapter 50 - Joseph having undergone tremendous change is now a new person - Jacob has died - had asked his sons to bury him in the land of Canaan - sons seek Pharaoh's approval to take the body to Canaan - Pharaoh grants permission - but sends men along with him to ensure the return of Jacob's sons after the burial- theological...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
La post\u00e9rit\u00e9 d'Aristote<\/a><\/div>
...la post\u00e9rit\u00e9 d'Aristote - pendant des si\u00e8cles, Aristote a \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une autorit\u00e9 - dans tous les domaines, la pens\u00e9e d'Aristote a paru \u00eatre une pens\u00e9e tellement assur\u00e9e et solide qu'elle a fait que les gens ont vu ce que voyait Aristote - Aristote pr\u00e9tendait que les corps c\u00e9lestes \u00e9taient purs, mais \u00e9tait possible de voir m\u00eame \u00e0 l'oeil nu des t\u00e2ches sur la Lune - Aristot...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1871: Germany Becomes a Nation<\/a><\/div>
...Japan ushered in a new age for the Japanese people - but in the course of their expansion began to transform the geo-political theater of East Asia - with tremendous consequences for the 20th century - 1894-95: First Sino-Japanese War - became almost like a template of what would happen in the rest of the world- Germany, late 19th century - like Japan, national integration d...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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L'avenir de la d\u00e9cision : conna\u00eetre et agir en complexit\u00e9<\/div>
La complexit\u00e9 de la vie<\/a><\/div>
...le probl\u00e8me de la complexit\u00e9 existe depuis qu'il y a une humanit\u00e9 - au cours de l'histoire humaine, des penseurs, des observateurs, des \u00e9crivains l'ont trait\u00e9 sans employer le mot de complexit\u00e9 - H\u00e9raclite - \"vivre de mort ou mourir de vie\" - \"\u00e9veill\u00e9s, ils dorment\" - nous ne sommes m\u00eame pas conscients de ce qui se passe dans notre cerveau - nous ne sommes pas conscients de n...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
Polyphony<\/a><\/div>
...one of the biggest issues with neumatic notation is that it doesn't show rhythm - there's a flow to a chant - some notes are held longer than others - sometimes it speeds up - sometimes it slows down - sometimes there are pauses - it was a learned art, you had to get the feel of knowing the standard way to employ these effects- chant in the Catholic Church was official...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
The Nature of Colonialism Wars<\/a><\/div>
...the First World War was a true global war - but when we think of WWI, the first images that come to mind are British, German, and French soldiers - in reality over 4 million non-European soldiers fought in the war - French army at at least 500,000 colonial troops- the colonial prehistory to the war - how the European colonial experience established a certain mentality and attitude o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Highlights of Modern Astronomy<\/div>
Orders of Magnitude<\/a><\/div>
...orders of magnitude in terms of money - 1. a dollar - 10^0 dollars - one Snickers bar - 2. ten dollars - 10^1 dollars - a compact disc - 3. one hundred dollars - 10^2 dollars - dinner at a nice restaurant - 4. one thousand dollars - 10^3 dollars - a nice vacation - 5. ten thousand dollars - 10^4 dollars - a new car - 6. one hundred thousand doll...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Aristote et le pluralisme<\/a><\/div>
...le d\u00e9bat \u00e9thique contemporain de cet h\u00e9ritage d'Aristote - 1. respecter simplement quelques r\u00e8gles, ou - 2. de se cantonner \u00e0 fixer un cadre \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur duquel l'ensemble des activit\u00e9s humaines pourrait \u00eatre l\u00e9gitime - il ne s'agit pas pour Aristote de s'abstenir de faire certaines choses - mais au contraire il faut rechercher le bien - l'\u00e9thique est ainsi vue comme une ma...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior<\/div>
Conflicts of Interest<\/a><\/div>
...the fundamental issue of cheating is conflicts of interest - when we are paid or encouraged to do things that are slightly different than the truth, we think and act with a bias - sports are a good example - if you support team A and the referee makes a call for team B, then you find his call to be unfair - this may even make the game more fun - although we try to minimize it...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Delusions of the Self<\/a><\/div>
...human beings are very inclined to have a story about why they do the things they do - at some times they seem capable of generating false stories - we are designed to convince the world that we have coherent motivations - and in the process we convince ourselves of this- in terms of evolution - if people could impress people and preserve their reputation - this would help su...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
U.S. Punk 1967-1975<\/a><\/div>
...punk rock is an significant phenomenon in the history of Rock music - a return-to-simplicity movement - begins to bubble up in an underground scene way off the radar at the beginning of the 1970s - then explodes on the scene in the UK in 1977 with the Sex Pistols - New Wave becomes the adaptation of the punk attitude - a push back against the ideas of professionalism and musical...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The French Revolution<\/div>
1789-91: Making the New Nation<\/a><\/div>
...1789-1791: attempts by the National Assembly to remake the new France - National Assembly - May 1789, deptuties chosen to be the representatives of the three estates - National Assembly is made up for these three estates had come together to be the National Assembly - those who could not work with this body had resigned and left - charged with implementing the revolutionary pri...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Judahite Communities in Babylon<\/a><\/div>
...587 BC: Siege of Jerusalem - Nebuchadnezzar II - culminated in the destruction of the city - after Siege of 597, Nebuchadnezzar installed Zedekiah as tributary king of Judah at the age of twenty-one - revolted against Babylon, and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra, king of Egypt - Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah - siege lasted 30 months - \"every worst...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
War for the Greater Middle East<\/div>
1980s: CENTCOM and Operation Bright Star<\/a><\/div>
...Carter's effort to resolve the Iran hostage crisis ultimately succeeded after dragging on 444 days - Iranian authorities chose January 20, 1981 as the date to set the hostages free - the date Carter left office and Ronald Reagan became president- so Reagan presidency began on a triumphal note - some argued that the prospect of dealing with a steely Reagan rather than a weak and wimp...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Non-Coercive Comportment, Virtue, and Charisma of the Zhou<\/a><\/div>
...non-coercive order - important theme in the Analects - the Confucian rule through the power of his de, or charismatic power, can bring about order in a non-coercive way - connected to theme: anti-militarism - archery - one of the important arts that the Confucian gentleman is trained in - not valued for its military effectiveness - not military training - Analects 3...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
North American Nation-Building<\/a><\/div>
...United States - once referred to in the plural, now being increasingly referred to in the singular - a process of the various parts through expansion - while Japan and Germany integrated old, feudal parts into something new - the United States, Canada and Brazil had different ambitions - they were the products of something new - they were not old feudal remnants - what t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Joseph's Prison Dreams<\/a><\/div>
...Joseph shows no interest whatsoever in what John Milton once called knee tribute that his brothers offer him - Joseph: \"Fear not, am I in place of God?\" - believes that such displays of reverence are not due any human being, but God alone - all that has transpired had little to do with me - God is the one who has superintended all of our actions - let us return our attention...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Highlights of Modern Astronomy<\/div>
Comparative Planetology<\/a><\/div>
...comparative planetology - we see a remarkable variation of planets even in our own solar system - various forces drive the formation and development of planets, enables us to understand - habitability - does the planet have moons, are those moons habitable - each planet has a different story - each planet has certain possibilities for a home for life - long term - shor...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
In the Night Sky: Orion<\/div>
Seven Stars and a Nebula<\/a><\/div>
...Orion - in south east part of sky - three stars in a line - his belt - two stars below are his feet - two stars above are his shoulders - Orion nebula - a diffuse nebula situated in the Milky Way - visible to the naked eye - the closest region of massive star formation to Earth - 24 light years across - regions of red and of blue-violet - Greek mythology...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Designing Cities<\/div>
Megacities and Megaregions<\/a><\/div>
...Kansas City is a typical U.S. city and can stand for what has happened and is happening in other places - river boats on the Missouri River - wagons carrying settlers Westward leaving from Westport along the Santa Fe trail - railroad - connected to west coast - local street railways were built which enabled urban extensions - mostly south of the city center - new residential...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Materials Science: 10 Things Every Engineer Should Know<\/div>
The Six Categories of Engineering Materials<\/a><\/div>
...six categories of engineering materials - nearly all materials used for modern applications come from these six categories - 1. metals - metallic bond - adjacent atoms share electrons in a non-directional way - metal pan - can't see through it - electrons that provide the metallic bonding are reflecting any proton light rays from the environment - gives us the charact...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Une \u00e9thique des vertus pour les modernes<\/a><\/div>
...l'\u00e9thique d'Aristote est une philosophie de l'antiquit\u00e9 grecque, une \u00e9thique concernant une vie qui est loin de la n\u00f4tre - est-ce que cela signifie que l'\u00e9thique des vertus qu'il avait formul\u00e9e ne peut plus nous concerner? - qu'elle est une affaire d'historiens, et qu'il n'est plus question de la vivre au pr\u00e9sent? - il est clair que l'on ne peut plus vivre comme du temps d'Aristote...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
1916 Zurich and Perspectives on the Great War<\/a><\/div>
...artists and intellectuals say the Great War both as - 1. bringing something to an end - European civilization - 2. an opportunity for something new - an alternative future - Zurich - a microcosm of these different attitudes - James Joyce is writing Ulysses - 1904\u201320: Trieste and Zurich - Hugo Ball - 1916, created the Dada Manifesto - co-founder of the Cabaret ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Dinosaur Paleobiology<\/div>
Ornithischians<\/a><\/div>
...two key traits that distinguish ornithischians and saurischians - 1. ornithischians have a hip with a pubic bone which points backwards - sometimes it has a projection that points forward, but they are usually short - resembles those of birds - this is an evolutionary convergence - birds belong among saurischian dinosaurs - plants are hard to digest - the backward...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Materials Science: 10 Things Every Engineer Should Know<\/div>
Dislocations Explain Plastic Deformation<\/a><\/div>
...six materials that engineers have to work with: - 1. metals - 2. polymers - 3. ceramics - 4. glass - 5. fiberglass - 6. semiconductors - in each case there is a difference at a very low level - e.g. in the case of fiberglass, the microscopic architecture of the fiber-reinforced composite - underlying principle - a mantra of material science: structure leads to propertie...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1974-77: Punk in the UK<\/a><\/div>
...1974-77: punk in the UK - starts with one guy: Malcolm McLaren - background - the UK in the 70s - troubling financial economy - the US had the same problems - but most middle class kids in the US had enough - but in the UK a feeling of despair that they would never be able to move out of where they were - a sense of why bother, no hope - punk music is ofte...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
What Mental Modules Are Not<\/a><\/div>
...if the conscious self is not the thing directing behavior and directing thought, then what is doing this? - the answer that comes from the modular view of the mind is: nothing in particular - this doesn't mean nothing, it just means no single thing - rather, there are a number of things called modules - they take turns exerting decisive on our thought, our feelings, and behavior...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
La re-renaissance de la trag\u00e9die<\/a><\/div>
...la nouvelle trag\u00e9die est \u00e9crite par ces m\u00eames auteurs qui ont commenc\u00e9 leur carri\u00e8re par des tragi-com\u00e9dies - une trag\u00e9die ma\u00eetris\u00e9e - une trag\u00e9die qui contient de l'action tout en ob\u00e9issant \u00e0 la concentration n\u00e9cessit\u00e9e par l'ob\u00e9issance \u00e0 la r\u00e8gle des vingt-quatre heures- il suffit de comparer deux oeuvres - 1. Cl\u00e9op\u00e2tre captive, de Jodelle - a premi\u00e8re de toutes les trag\u00e9di...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Ezra-Nehemiah and Haggai on Temple Rebuilding<\/a><\/div>
...often distant communities would not celebrate traditions based on the text of the Torah but would write back to religious authorities in Jerusalem - letters back, however, would often not quote the Torah or religious texts- how this period is depicted within the Bible - Ezra - subject is the Return to Zion following the close of the Babylonian captivity - first part - the stor...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
Ars Nova, New Rhythm in the 14th Century<\/a><\/div>
...at the beginning of the 14th century - there was finally a system of musical notation which - showed exact pitches - but durations were relative - music before this had been rhythmically grouped always into threes - same note shape could be given two or three beats, but depending on context - confusing - limiting - Philippe de Vitry - credited with creating the a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Biology of Music<\/div>
Tones versus Noise<\/a><\/div>
...categories of sound signals - we transduce sound signals using the machinery of the human auditory system - two extremes - tonal sound signals - white noise sound signals- tonal sound signals - a sound that repeats systematically and continuously over time - tuning forks are not natural sources of sounds - you aren't going to find anything in nature that produce...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Rooseveltian Century<\/div>
The Three Roosevelts<\/a><\/div>
...the three Roosevelts - provide a particularly interpretation of U.S. history - changing role of the United States in the world through the 20th century - 1. Theodore Roosevelt - 26th president of the United States - pointed the way for the country to become a world power - 2. Eleanor Roosevelt - Theodore's niece - became the most prominent First Lady in U.S. history -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
19th Century Changing Concepts of Labor<\/a><\/div>
...middle of 19th century - world is recovering from the great upheavals of the age of revolution - hadn't put an end to them - had changed the cultural moorings of the world's systems - new aspects are coming into being - new regimes - new identities - new discourses of science and technology - societies faced the challenge on how to stabilize this new order - finding a ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Exploring Beethoven's Piano Sonatas<\/div>
Exposition, Development and Recapitulation<\/a><\/div>
...Mozart's B-flat major sonata, K333 - first theme comes in the tonic, B-flat - the theme goes nowhere - it begins in b-flat major - and ends in b-flat major - it has no roll but to establish the tonality firmly - and to be extremely beautiful - second theme is established in the dominant F - two roles - establish the dominant - contrast in character - firs...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Transition to Becoming Sincere<\/a><\/div>
...anyone who has wu-wei as a spiritual goal is going to face the tension of trying not to try - the paradox of wu-wei in the Analects - Analects 3.3: \"A man who is not Good, what has he to do with ritual? A man who is not Good, what has he to do with music?\" - ritual and music are the way you become good - Confucius is saying: you shouldn't be doing the practice unless you are alread...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Rooseveltian Century<\/div>
Theodore Roosevelt<\/a><\/div>
...the Roosevelts can trace their family roots to Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt - emigrated with his family from the Dutch province of Zeeland - arrived in New Amsterdam between 1638 and 1649 - 1652 bought a farm - had two grandsons - Johannes (Oyster Bay Roosevelts) - Theodore - Eleanor - Jacobus (Hyde Park Roosevelts) - Franklin - 1905 Eleanor and Franklin ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
American New Wave 1977-80<\/a><\/div>
...New Wave - arises at the end of the 1970s - embraces the punk attitude but takes the danger out of it for record companies turning it into a kind of a lifestyle choice and aesthetic attitude as opposed to any form of cultural rebellion or revolt - when you think about the Sex Pistols and the ways in which they would create scandals and get themselves arrested and banned - fun stori...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Contagious: How Things Catch On<\/div>
Unexpectedness in Advertising<\/a><\/div>
...unexpected element - novel and surprising - one way to make ideas stick is to make them unexpected - the minivan ad - set up a pattern - we are all thinking it will be a normal minivan ad - they showed things that we expect in a normal minivan ad - a child coming back from soccer practice - temperature controlled cup holders - like a garden path - when we...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
Principles of Phenomenology<\/a><\/div>
...some people think that the study of consciousness must be some kind of intellectual selfie - based on some kind of inner self-examination or introspection - but actually the starting point of phenomenology is to turn away from the selfie an towards the world - its in the structure of the world that we actually discover the structure of consciousness - phenomenology is not in your h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
Semi-sensations and Positional Consciousness<\/a><\/div>
...goal of phenomenology - to see more, specifically to observe in an active, energetic and creative way, looking for possibilities, including the unlikely - this approach to observation replaces the textbook conception of perception- the textbook picture of perception reception seems tied to available light - perception is not just limited to what the light affords - you see the sides...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
British New Wave 1977-80<\/a><\/div>
...British New Wave groups - had success in the United States - punk didn't happen in the United States in the same way as it happened in the UK - at least not in a commercial way - although it certainly happened in subcultures - Elvis Costello - came out of the punk scene in the UK - seen as one of the first UK artists to do New Wave, the safer version of punk - most ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Symbolic of Joseph's Dreams as Service Not Power<\/a><\/div>
...Joseph is called forward to help Pharaoh with his dreams - Pharaoh summons his court magicians to discern what they meant - they were of no help - the cup holder told Pharaoh of the success he had had with Joseph's interpretations while he was in prison - \"A young Hebrew was there with us, a servant of the captain of the guard, and when we told him he interpreted our dreams to us, g...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Rooseveltian Century<\/div>
Franklin Delano Roosevelt<\/a><\/div>
...born 1882 in Hyde Park in upstate New York - came from the wealthy and aristocratic from the Hyde Park branch of the family - parents provided him with the best education possible - he attended Groton School in Groton, Massachusetts - graduated in history at Harvard - studied law at Columbia University - 1905 married a distant cousin, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt - the niece ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
The Necessity of War in Politics<\/a><\/div>
...Carl Schmitt (1888-1985) - the \"crown jurist of the Third Reich\" - 1927 \"Der Begriff des Politischen\" - the existential interpretation of war and politics - dedicated to a fallen comrade in WWI - \"Dem Andenken meines Freundes August Schaetz aus M\u00fcnchen gefallen am 28. August 1917 beim Sturm auf Moncelul\" - while churches are predominant in religion or society is predominant in ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Le perfectionnisme<\/a><\/div>
...une r\u00e9plique moderne des \u00e9thiques des vertus n'est pas du tout \u00e9vidente - 1971 John Rawls - l'\u00e9thique peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e sous deux angles qui renvoient l'un \u00e0 l'autre en s'opposant - 1. l'\u00e9thique utilitariste, la recherche dans l'action, de ce qui est le plus utile - 2. la morale d\u00e9ontologique, la morale du respect, de la loi morale et des principes des moeurs - John Ra...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Benefits of Comparative Advantage<\/a><\/div>
...transition from self-sufficient villages to interdependent societies - Marx observed this as fundamental to the system - the demise of mercantilist empires - the end of the slave trade - the rise of free labor - these were intensifying - painting: Pieter Bruegel's Peasants - taking a break from their work - they take a lot of breaks because they produce for their own n...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Biblical Project<\/a><\/div>
...the early communities in Egypt and Babylon and in Judah itself present major problems - they are not that literate of the laws of Moses - they don't know Israel's history very well - in Elephantine, we see that they don't even use the name Israel - Nehemia tries to get the community behind a building project in Judah - the community seems to be interested in other things -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Mobilit\u00e9 et urbanisme<\/div>
Les modes de vie<\/a><\/div>
...les modes de vie constituent une diff\u00e9renciation sociale - une d\u00e9riv\u00e9e des variables socio-d\u00e9mographiques - le revenu - la formation - la composition du m\u00e9nage- des mod\u00e8les nouveaux de modes de vie ont \u00e9merg\u00e9 - l'habitat - les transports - la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l'automobile - la p\u00e9riurbanisation - sont devenus centraux dans la constitution des modes de vie- la mode de ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
War for the Greater Middle East<\/div>
1980s: The United States, Iran and Iraq<\/a><\/div>
...September 1980 - Iraq invaded Iran - Saddam believed that the Iranian revolution had weakened Iran militarily - 1979 Iranian Revolution - the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty - the ruling house of Iran from 1925 until 1979 - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - the Shah of Iran - ruled from 1941-1979 - wanted to seize territory - a short, victorious war would put Iraq in ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Les enjeux et les d\u00e9fis des villes africaines<\/a><\/div>
...la connaissance des villes - 1. les villes sont devenues un centre d'int\u00e9r\u00eat majeur, tr\u00e8s m\u00e9diatique - 2. c'est que certaines villes sont devenues des \u00e9conomies extr\u00eamement importantes, plus riches, sans doute, que certains \u00e9tats - il y a une cr\u00e9ation de richesse - il y a une \u00e9conomie qui tourne autour des villes - 3. toutes ces villes, comme des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, se sont mises en con...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
The Hippie Aesthetic: 1966-1980<\/a><\/div>
...we can see an arc of rock music that develops between the mid 60s - around 1965 to 1966 crossover to psychedelia - over the barrier of 1969-1970 continues forward to 1974-1975 and works it's way to 1979-1980 - that arc of about 15 years, is what we might think is dominated by The Hippie Aesthetic - all of this music hangs around in a number of ideas and values - music as professio...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The French Revolution<\/div>
Unresolved Issues of the Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...one of the great hopes of the Revolution of 1789 was a new era of - fraternity - harmony - regeneration - where members of the privileged orders would join with members of the Third Estate in creating a new and regenerated France - everyone could take advantage of their abilities in a new world of liberty and equality - the National Assembly engaged in the task of regenerating ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino<\/a><\/div>
...la vida y la carrera de Rafael (1483-1520) tienen mucho en com\u00fan con las de Leonardo y Miguel \u00c1ngel - fue pintor y dibujante y arquitecto - trabaj\u00f3 para pr\u00edncipes y papas como ellos - fue muy reconocido - Leonardo (1452-1519) y Miguel \u00c1ngel (1475-1564) influyeron sobre el arte de Rafael, que era m\u00e1s joven - pint\u00f3 m\u00e1s que sus colegas y form\u00f3 un gran taller - algunos de sus ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem<\/div>
Outcome of the Assyrian Conquest<\/a><\/div>
...the outcome of the Assyrian conquest of the Levant - second half of the 8th century BCE - first half of the 7th century BCE - the essential background of the understanding of the history of Judah when it was conquered by the Babylonians - Tiglath-Pileser III (ruled 745-727 BCE) - king of Assyria - founded the Neo-Assyrian Empire - introduced advanced civil, military, and p...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
The Rise of MTV<\/a><\/div>
...on August 1, 1981, MTV launched its all-music, 24-hour cable TV - nobody had ever done anything quite like this before - an important moment in the history of rock music - as MTV develops, it changes the music landscape - the business of music - the ways people are able to get to music - in a way that the Internet and file sharing has changed the music business in a sig...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
From the Big Bang to Dark Energy<\/div>
The Milky Way and Its Black Hole<\/a><\/div>
...as you look far away in the universe, you are looking into the past- International Space Station - only very recent that humans have developed technology to have a station outside the earth - floating above the Earth at an altitude of 375 kilometers - the diameter of the Earth is 12,000 kilometers - suggests that moving out away from the Earth is not a very easy thing to do- tra...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Rooseveltian Century<\/div>
Eleanor Roosevelt<\/a><\/div>
...Anna Eleanor Roosevelt - born in New York City, October 11, 1884 - her father was Eliot, Theodore Roosevelt's younger brother - her mother was Anna Hall - member of the distinguished Livingston family - both of her parents died when she was a child - Eleanor spent most of her child with her grandmother - received a traditional education - at age of 15, sent to Allenswo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Migration after the Age of Revolutions<\/a><\/div>
...Marx and de Tocqueville argued a new world was coming into being - a new logic was at work - logic that had capabilities of spreading beyond Europe - beyond even the European colonies - had the ability to resolve some of the tensions around - political systems looking for legitimacy - economic systems dislocating peoples - widen the possibility for internal social mo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Primitivists in the Analects<\/a><\/div>
...the Analects is a composite text - has different layers to it - the last part of the book is late and has many anomalies - stylistically distinctive - has long narratives - for the first time we see Confucius confronting critics - he confronts rulers who don't listen to him - he doesn't confront rivals in the sense of other philosophers who have different views of the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
The Renaissance and Baroque City<\/div>
Reading a City's Skyline: Florence<\/a><\/div>
...a city's skyline - tells something about the city's values and hierarchy - traditional European city - clear diagram of - what was ordinary - what the decided could rise above the skyline - below the skyline - the fabric of life - where everyone lives and works - whether you are the wealthiest or the poorest, your building operates as part of that datum - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
L'importance du contr\u00f4le international<\/a><\/div>
...le concept de protection internationale - le r\u00f4le et l'importance du r\u00f4le qui revient \u00e0 ces proc\u00e9dures - le contr\u00f4le du respect des droits de l'homme - leur concr\u00e9tisation dans leur mise en oeuvre - leur reconnaissance - le processus de contr\u00f4le du respect des droits de l'homme joue un r\u00f4le d\u00e9terminant dans le concept m\u00eame de ces droits - leur concision - souvent les dro...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Michael Jackson: MTV's Unexpected Boon<\/a><\/div>
...initiial audience of MTV - they determined at the beginning that their audience would be mostly middle-class, mid-western, white kids - they understood the demographic that was available to them - think of the movie Wayne's World (1992) - this gives you a good idea of what the early cable TV audience was - lots of mainstream rock with emphasis on the aggressive guitar base k...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
\n<\/a><\/td>\n
Western Civilization: Ancient and Medieval Europe<\/div>
Differences between Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt<\/a><\/div>
...kingship and law in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt - environment, climate, and geography affect societal order - things that humans can't change - society order is usually seen as the law - but when no laws in place, it's - the relationship between the ruler and the ruled - the relationship of the ruled in terms of each other - societies and leaders understand order d...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The Modular Theory of the Mind<\/a><\/div>
...the module theory of the mind - various modules that can take control of the mind and body for at least awhile - if there are modules, this would help explain how the mind could operate effectively without there being a single unified self in control - there are a number of command modules and they take turns running the show - Douglas Kenrick - Arizona State University - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Judah Pleads to Joseph for Benjamin<\/a><\/div>
...through the stories we get of Joseph, we see his character transformed - Genesis 37: Joseph's dreams - arrogant individual - understood the role he was playing in his family as all about him and used it to the disadvantage of his brothers - created tension within his family - Genesis 50: Joseph Reassures His Brothers - understands that he has been elevated to the office he...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Le souci de soi<\/a><\/div>
...le souci de soi est au coeur de l'\u00e9thique des vertus - l'importance du souci de soi tient au fait que mon humanit\u00e9 - il n'est pas donn\u00e9e et fig\u00e9e une fois pour toutes - un caract\u00e8re - techniquement un idiosyncrasie - une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 h\u00e9rit\u00e9e \u00e0 la fois - de l'h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 - de mes premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es d'existence dans le milieu o\u00f9 j'ai \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 - mais le caract\u00e8re est sans do...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
Eucken's Interpretation of Fichte<\/a><\/div>
...August 25th, 1914 - three weeks after the Germans invaded Belgium - German troops set fire to the city of Leuven - destroyed the University Library - including collection of over 300,000 books and manuscripts dating back to Medieval times - provoked international indignation and outrage - British Prime Minister Ashquith - \"The burning of Leuven is the worst thing the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
Musical Terms and Notation<\/a><\/div>
...notation has developed dramatically in the past 1000 years - half note = 72 Rhythmico - number refers to beats per minute - i.e. 72 half notes per minute or 114 quarter notes per minute, which is pretty fast - the tempo is very important and can be found on all standard metronomes in use since Beethoven's time - clef sitting on the staff - e.g. treble clef used for violin ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
Phenomenological Superposition<\/a><\/div>
...semisensation - the concept that every object has parts that we can't see hidden behind parts that we can- but semi-sensation is not the only way that what we see goes beyond the senses - look at the duck-rabbit - make the reversal as many times as you can in five seconds - in what way is the object you are looking at changing? - since the image is not changing, the changes t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Enjeux et d\u00e9fis de ville Afrique<\/a><\/div>
...l'enjeu principal des p\u00e9riph\u00e9ries - c'est la majorit\u00e9 des nouveaux arrivants dans les villes qui vont s'installer dans cette p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie - donc la pression sera - non pas sur les centres-villes - non pas sur la ville existante aujourd'hui - mais sur les territoires qui ne sont pas encore urbanis\u00e9s - les territoires naturels autour des villes- la mobilit\u00e9 - les gens ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
From the Bible to the Sumerian King List<\/a><\/div>
...the Bible presents a nice and neat genealogical line extending from Abraham - Abraham's son is called Isaac - Isaac is the father of Jacob - Jacob undergoes a name change to Israel - Jacob\/Israel is the father of twelve sons who represent the twelve tribes of the whole nation - Jacob and his family go down to Egypt - during the days of Joseph there - they do fairly ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Madonna as Disruptive Shock Artist<\/a><\/div>
...Michael Jackson and Madonna helped define - what MTV was going to be - how successful it could be as a force in the music business - a tool to bring artists to their audiences - both were very popular - both benefited quite a bit from MTV - both depend to a large extent on the physical presentation - there is a certain amount of theater and live performance - y...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Gestion des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es en Afrique<\/div>
L'importance des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es<\/a><\/div>
...plus de 15 % de la surface terrestre b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d'une forme de protection formelle - on appelle ces territoires des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es- 1872 Yellowstone en Am\u00e9rique du nord - le premier parc formellement reconnu comme aire prot\u00e9g\u00e9e - son classement d\u00e9coule de la volont\u00e9 des pionniers am\u00e9ricains de pr\u00e9server un paysage exceptionnel - que la colonisation allait sans doute faire dis...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Laozi and the Daodejing<\/a><\/div>
...The Daodejing - \"Classic of Way and Virtue\" - earliest transmitted text after the Analects - and early Warring States text - archeological versions of it have been found - versions that are very different from the received text - whole passages missing - different wording - the first of the Daoist texts - there is no Daoist movement per se - it's not a coherent gro...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Alberto Durero (1471-1528)<\/a><\/div>
...Alberto Durero (1471-1528) - un pintor alem\u00e1n que naci\u00f3 en Nuremberg - un artista muy original - que ampli\u00f3 el potencial expresivo de la pintura, el dibujo y el grabado - con veintis\u00e9is a\u00f1os fue un artista de mucho \u00e9xito - \u00e9l ten\u00eda una opini\u00f3n muy elevada de s\u00ed mismo - en su autorretrato no se muestra como pintor sino como un joven elegante, vestido a la \u00faltima moda - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Creating 19th Century Global Free Trade<\/a><\/div>
...colonies, once marginal outposts of the global system, now emerging into dynamos - receiving migrants - de Tocqueville witnessed and Europeans watched - these colonies began to be the envy of Europe - societies that could be created as freed trade societies that could export agrarian products back to Europe - this is what Britain had and which made her the envy of European ri...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rooseveltian Century<\/div>
Theodore Roosevelt on National Security<\/a><\/div>
...at the end of the 19th century, the territorial expansion of the United States across the continent came to an end - new existential threats could now only come from abroad - Theodore Roosevelt knew this and sought to promote an international police power - to prevent other nations' chronic wrongdoing - The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - \"Chronic wrongdoin...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Genesis Chapter 26: Isaac, Abimelek and Rebekah<\/a><\/div>
...Genesis chapter 26 - the story of Isaac - the son of Abraham, the father of Jacob - the story tells of Isaac living in the Philistine land of Gerar - to the west of Judah - a foreign territory - Isaac has a very attractive wife named Rebekah - one day his neighbors come and ask him about Rebekah - instead of telling them the truth that she is his wife, says she is his ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Talmud: A Methodological Introduction<\/div>
What is the Talmud?<\/a><\/div>
...Jews have long been called the people of the Book - the book that is usually presumed to give Jews this title is the Bible - for a thousand years, another book has been slowly displacing the Bible as this book, the Talmud - Jews continue to venerate the Torah, the Hebrew term for the first section of the Bible - the Torah is crucial to the Synagogue service where the Talmud is no...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Friedrich Nietzsche et la volont\u00e9 de puissance<\/a><\/div>
...Nietzsche est un philosophe essentiel dans l'histoire de la philosophie moderne - il a \u00e9t\u00e9 un des critiques les plus aigus de la modernit\u00e9 - il a choqu\u00e9 par la radicalit\u00e9 et la d\u00e9mesure de certaines de ces affirmations - sa critique radicale de la d\u00e9cadence correspond dans les temps modernes, au triomphe de l'affirmation de ce qu'il nomme les volont\u00e9s faibles- les volont\u00e9s faibles...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Orientierung Geschichte<\/div>
Was ist Geschichte?<\/a><\/div>
...was ist Geschichte - es gibt heute keine allgemeine g\u00fcltige Definition, die allen Anspr\u00fcchen gerecht werden k\u00f6nnte - Leopold van Ranke (1795\u20131886) - der Urvater der kritischen Geschichtswissenschaft - 1824, \"Man hat der Historia das Amt, die Vergangenheit zu richten, die Mitwelt zum Nutzen zuk\u00fcnftiger Jahre zu belehren, beigemessen; so hoher \u00c4mter unterwindet sich gegenw\u00e4rtiger Ve...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Moral Foundations of Politics<\/div>
The Eichmann Problem<\/a><\/div>
...Eichmann - 1961 the Israeli Secret Service, the Mossad - discovered that Eichmann was living under an assumed name in Buenos Aires - they went there and kidnapped him - brought him back to Israel - charged him with - crimes against humanity - crimes against the Jewish people - they sentenced him to death - executed him- who was Eichmann? - a concentration c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Tiepolo\u00b4s Cleopatra: Agency in Paint<\/a><\/div>
...Tiepolo's Banquet of Cleopatra, 1744 - set in the Palace of the Pharaohs in Alexandria around 140 BC - it's about a competition that Cleopatra made with her husband Marc Anthony - a bet about who was the most extravagant and therefore the most powerful regent in Rome of the day - Cleopatra wagered that she could spend the equivalent of 80,000 pounds of gold on one feast - af...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Civilization: Ancient and Medieval Europe<\/div>
Ancient Egyptian War, Politics and Gods<\/a><\/div>
...the Narmer Palette (31st century BC) - one of the oldest and most important artifacts from Ancient Egypt - thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer, which is the founding of the unified Egyptian kingdom under one pharaoh - a stone palette - on the pallete, Narmer is wearing the crown of Upper Egypt about to hit a prisoner with a club...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La Commedia di Dante<\/div>
Titolo e struttura del poema<\/a><\/div>
...la Divina Commedia \u00e8 un poema cosmico - poich\u00e9 la sua struttura impegna tutto il mondo allora consosciuto - il pozzo dell'inferno - che scende sino al centro della terra - \u00e8 stato determinato sin dal primo istante dell'universo dalla caduta del ribelle angelo Lucifero - la terra spostata da questa caduta vertiginosa - produce dall'altra parte della terra la montagna del ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Judah as Most Important Son of Jacob<\/a><\/div>
...Benjamin was caught with stolen goods in his possession - Judah adopts the only position possible in the situation - he tries to create an affection for the father - yet Joseph's affection for his father needs no such encouragement - at the end of this speech, Joseph is emotional - Genesis 45:1-3: \"Then Joseph could not control himself before all those who stood by him, and h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior<\/div>
What Motivates Us to Do Work<\/a><\/div>
...labor and motivation - what gets people to work - we often think it is mainly about money - we think more money leads to a higher amount of work - motivation - standard thinking is that people are like mice in a maze - we think all we care about is the particular tangiblereward we are getting - there are some jobs that people do just for the money - but human nature h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Prince and Janet Jackson<\/a><\/div>
...Michael Jackson, Prince, Madonna, and Janet Jackson - interesting connections between all four of them - Prince and Janet Jackson having their success in the second half of the 1980s - all of them big MTV stars - stars that depended much on the video dimension of music- Prince (1958-2016) - born in Minneapolis - developed an image as a somewhat sexually charged and somewhat an...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Expanding 19th Century Capitalist System<\/a><\/div>
...the British economy emerged over the course of the 19th century as the core of the core of an emerging capitalist world system - co-dependency between Britain and India - although India's participation in the system was not entirely voluntary - Indians because to resist the controls that the British imposed on the Indian economy - the reason why the controls were there because -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Les vertus de Zarathoustra<\/a><\/div>
...l'homme n'est pas un \u00eatre destin\u00e9 \u00e0 - 1. demeurer ce qu'il est - 2. se contenter d'\u00eatre satisfait dans ses aspirations naturelles - mais qu'il est plut\u00f4t un \u00eatre en tension vers son propre d\u00e9passement - la doctrine scientifique \u00e9volutionniste a eu le grand avantage de montrer que le mouvement qui tend au d\u00e9passement - \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d'esp\u00e8ces nouvelles - est une loi de la vi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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From Goddard to Apollo: The History of Rockets<\/div>
Fireworks and Rocket Inventions in Ancient History<\/a><\/div>
...Archytas (428\u2013347 BC) [ar-KEE-tus] - Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer - friend of Plato - was reported to have constructed and flown the first self-propelled flying device - we don't have illustrations of this device - described as a small bird-shaped device - may have been suspended by a wire - using a jet of steam, this device was propelled through the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
Epoch\u00e9: The Suspended Attitude<\/a><\/div>
...we make assumptions all the time to make our way through a complex world - usually these assumptions are operating in the background - they shape things if we think about them or not - sometimes our assumptions are wrong - what we expect to experience and what we do experience can diverge - phenomenology lurks in illusions, jokes, riddles, and many other forms of art and inquiry...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
The Political and Sexual Agency of Cleopatra<\/a><\/div>
...Cleopatra (69-30 BC) - Cleopatra VII Philopator [\u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1] - from here very early ages, she knew that she was royalty - her father was King Ptolemy XII - the latest in the line of Greek monarchs who had ruled over the Egyptians for about 260 years since the death of Alexander the Great - even though the Ptolemy's were Greek, they very much stylized themselves as Egypti...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
The Baroque Era (1600-1750)<\/a><\/div>
...the Baroque era - roughly from 1600 to 1750 - it takes time and some distance to understand the boundaries of an era - the mid 18th century - so the Baroque era didn't receive its name until mid 18th century - at first it had a negative meaning - the style known as Classical music was being established - the simple, singable melodies that we associate with Haydn, Mozart, ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Tiziano (1488-1576)<\/a><\/div>
...Tiziano (1488-1576) - fue uno de los principales pintores del Renacimiento italiano - a diferencia de Leonardo, Miguel \u00c1ngel, o Rafael - centr\u00f3 su carrera en Venecia y no en Florencia o Roma - tuvo una enorme influencia en artistas de siglos posteriores - su juventud - en Venecia - trabaj\u00f3 junto a grandes pintores - Giovanni Bellini - Giorgione - lleg\u00f3 a ser ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Laozi: Stop the Journey and Return Home<\/a><\/div>
...Laozi, in contrast to Confucius, wants us to return to the unhewn wood- Daodejin - the evils of the social elite - it is bad to have social stratification - Daodejin Ch. 75: - \"The people are hungry because those above eat too much in taxes, this is why the people are hungry.\" - Daodejin Ch. 53: \"The court is resplendent, yet the fields are overgrown.\" - the elites are ha...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Formation of the Universe, Solar System, Earth and Life<\/div>
The Origin of Solar Systems<\/a><\/div>
...while solar systems are based on hydrogen and helium, they also also likely to include all the elements of the period table - many generations of dying stars have injected freshly synthesized matter into interstellar space - how can this widely scattered matter be used to form dense solar systems for planets - if the matter was evenly distributed throughout the universe, this would be ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Other Groups Who Benefited from MTV<\/a><\/div>
...artists who had success in the early years of MTV - \"Second British Invasion\" - because of the shortage of videos at the beginning of MTV, many groups benefited who may not have otherwise gotten much attention - because they came from England and because it was part of their usual marketing to prepare a video, they had one available - Bow Wow Wow - Adam and the Ants - A Flock o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Modular Theory of Mind and the Non-Self<\/a><\/div>
...modular view of the mind - there is no chief executive in your brain - but many modules that take turns exerting dominant influence on your thought and behavior - this corresponds with the Buddhist idea of the self - that there is no self at the core that persists coherently through time- Buddhist mediation - can the module view of the mind help in meditation and help explain...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
J\u00e9sus et les origines du christianisme<\/a><\/div>
...le christianisme - au d\u00e9part simple courant au sein du juda\u00efsme - est devenu rapidement un mouvement important qui s'est retrouv\u00e9 tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t en situation de conflit avec la culture gr\u00e9co-romaine - est une religion issue du juda\u00efsme - n\u00e9e en Palestine - Ier si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s J.-C., dans l'Empire romain - les tout premiers \u00ab chr\u00e9tiens \u00bb \u00e9taient des juifs disciples de J\u00e9sus - mais d...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Civilization: Ancient and Medieval Europe<\/div>
The Egyptian Empire at its Greatest Extent<\/a><\/div>
...New Kingdom Period - 15th century BCE - the largest extent of Egyptian rule - occupies the whole of the Nile Valley to the sixth cataracts - cataracts are little waterfalls on the Nile that make trade by boat particularly challenging - all the way up through the Middle East into v - mainly for commercial reasons - there are certain things grown in this part of...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Second Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...the 19th century saw a drive to reorganize the world economy on new principles - instead of the mercantilist empires pulling the parts of the world together - empires began reaching into the hinterlands - now what we see are different relationships emerging based on the flows of labor, capital, and commodities dictated by market forces - a global economic system which was reinforce...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
El Greco y su influencia<\/a><\/div>
...en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI - durante la \u00faltima fase del Renacimiento - muchos artistas se sintieron liberados de las normas que hab\u00edan gobernado el arte de generaciones anteriores - el objetivo de crear en sus cuadros un mundo que - pareciese realista - se inspirase en la est\u00e9tica de la escultura antigua - hab\u00eda sido logrado ya por - Leonardo - Miguel \u00c1ngel ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Gainesborough and 18th Century Effeminism<\/a><\/div>
...the culture of sensibility - began a central part of Thomas Gainesborough's work - the man of feeling - embraced by inclined individuals in both the rural and urban spheres in Britain and elsewhere in Europe - first came to prominence in that late 17th century as the sustenance economies of Europe began to be overtaken by a more robust, commercial economy that allowed for the develo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
Husserl, the Great War, and the Meaning of Death<\/a><\/div>
...in 1914, the destruction of Leuven library - German intellectuals took defense of the German cause - Husserl's support of the world implicated him in the support of German actions during the war including the destruction of the Leuven library - it is an irony that Husserl's own manuscripts were saved on the eve of the Second World War- one hundred years after the war to end all wars,...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Alasdair MacIntyre: Se r\u00e9approprier l'\u00e9thique des vertus<\/a><\/div>
...Alasdair MacIntyre (1929-) - il a \u00e9crit un livre qui l'a rendu mondialement connu intitul\u00e9 \"apr\u00e8s la vertu\" - il a voulu montrer l'importance de r\u00e9activer \u00e0 ses yeux l'\u00e9thique des vertus - alors il part d'abord de l'histoire des modernes - qui est interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e par lui comme l'histoire d'une perte - la modernit\u00e9 s'est constitu\u00e9e \u00e9thiquement sur le fond d'un refus de continuer \u00e0 admet...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
The Principle of Interpretive Exclusivity<\/a><\/div>
...phenomenology emerged near the turn of the 20th century - one main goal of phenomenology is to enrich your perception and reflection as your live your life from day to day - emerged from 20th century European philosophy - founder was Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) - was a professor at G\u00f6ttingen and Freiburg Universities - began his academic career studying mathematics- cogito...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction \u00e0 la programmation en C++<\/div>
Installation C++ sous Linux, MacOS et Windows<\/a><\/div>
...Linux - comment installer les outils pour programmer en C++ sous Linux - un \u00e9diteur pour taper le code - Geany - ouvrez un terminal et tapez la commande : sudo apt-get install g++ espace geany - un compilateur pour lancer le code - g++ - v\u00e9rifiez que la version de g++ est bien la 4.8, ou plus r\u00e9cente, en tapant g++ espace moins moins version - configurer Geany - t\u00e9l\u00e9c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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El Mediterr\u00e1neo del Renacimiento a la Ilustraci\u00f3n<\/div>
C\u00f3mo los historiadores han visto el Mediterr\u00e1neo<\/a><\/div>
...el termino Mediterr\u00e1neo - es un uso relativamente reciente - el primero en emplearlo fue en el siglo s\u00e9ptimo, Isidoro de Sevilla - con anterioridad hab\u00eda recibido casi tantos nombres distintos - para los jud\u00edos de la antig\u00fcedad era - el Yam Gadol - el gran mar - para los antiguos egipcios - el Gran Verde - para los romanos - era el Mare Nostrum - con un...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Computing Technology Inside Your Smartphone<\/div>
Inside the Snapdragon 805 Chip<\/a><\/div>
...a look inside a smartphone - contains a Snapdragon 805 chip from Qualcomm Corporation - smartphones that have a Snapdragon 800, 801 or 805- Nexus 6 smartphone - released by Google and Motorola in 2014 - logic board - many components - Snapdragon 805 package - one component is actually one stacked on top of another - underneath - the 805 chip is inside the pack...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Biblical Authors' Portrayal of Women and Heroism<\/a><\/div>
...similar to Jane Austen in English literature, the Biblical authors redefined the hero - rather than valiant warriors, figures like Ruth and Boaz were a new kind of hero - Boaz - referred to as a mighty hero - instead of a fighting hero, he is a hero through being a man of - class - aristocratic virtue - nobility - established justice i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Closing of the American Frontier<\/a><\/div>
...by the 1890's, this second process of industrialization showed resistance - with great expansion came great turmoil - a coexistence of dynamism with crisis - the 1890s was a decade that fused together expansion with turmoil - from people deployed on factory lines - the assembly line was probably not something Karl Marx could have imagined - it was not something he forecasted fo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
The Invariance of Intentionality<\/a><\/div>
...visual perception is a core theme of phenomenology - can easily show how non-sensory intuition plays a part in completing visual sensory information to form a concept of physical objects and the world - our key concept of invariance is concrete in the visual cases - positional and objectivating functions of consciousness - the principle of interpretive exclusivity - the visu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Karl der Gro\u00dfe - Pater Europae<\/div>
Karl der Gro\u00dfe: Der Weg zur Alleinherrschaft<\/a><\/div>
...Karl der Gro\u00dfe (748-814) - von Herrschaftsantritt bis zu Beginn der Alleinherrschaft - drei Jahre liegen zwischen diesen Daten - ein Musterbeispiel f\u00fcr geostrategische Machtpolitik - Tod des Vaters - Karl war 17 - 768 Pippin ist gestorben - Karl war der \u00e4lteste Sohn - der Nachfolger war festgelegt - Pippin hinterlie\u00df zwei S\u00f6hne, Karl und Karlmann - die Frank...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Arte del siglo XVII<\/a><\/div>
...es com\u00fan usar el final del siglo XVI para separar dos per\u00edodos en la Historia del Arte europeo - los cambios que tuvieron lugar en torno a 1600 - las diferencias que separan al Renacimiento del siglo XVII son mucho menos profundas de las que lo separan de la Edad Media - la idea de fijar la fecha de hacia 1600 como l\u00edmite entre dos per\u00edodos, es algo arbitrario - otras fechas podr\u00ed...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Alasdair MacIntyre: Se r\u00e9approprier l'\u00e9thique des vertus<\/a><\/div>
...un aspect important de la pens\u00e9e de MacIntyre - l'individualit\u00e9 ne peut exister ind\u00e9pendamment de la communaut\u00e9 \u00e0 laquelle elle appartient - pour les modernes, l'individu est premier et la communaut\u00e9 est simplement le soutien indispensable \u00e0 son \u00e9panouissement - pour l'\u00e9thique des vertus, la communaut\u00e9 est premi\u00e8re - tout \u00eatre humain appara\u00eet dans un monde qui a commenc\u00e9 sans lu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction \u00e0 la programmation en C++<\/div>
Cr\u00e9er votre premier programme C++<\/a><\/div>
...la programmation - consiste \u00e0 \u00e9crire - des programmes - les s\u00e9quences d'instructions qui seront ex\u00e9cut\u00e9e par l'ordinateur - pour une t\u00e2che donn\u00e9e, le programmeur - devra trouver le programme qui r\u00e9alisera cette t\u00e2che - la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape consiste - \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un algorithme - \u00e0 trouver la s\u00e9quence d'instructions dont le programme sera fait - c'est le micro-pro...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Concept of Salvator Mundi<\/a><\/div>
...the unusual name that the Pharaoh gave Joseph upon his elevation to being second in command over all of Egypt - Genesis 41:45: - \"Pharaoh gave Joseph the name Zaphenath-Paneah and gave him Asenath daughter of Potiphera, priest of On, to be his wife. And Joseph went throughout the land of Egypt.\" - until recently since the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphic language - readers ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Quel mod\u00e8le pour quelle ville?<\/a><\/div>
...nous allons partir en Asie, avec l'analyse de plusieurs villes: - Kuala Lumpur - Singapour - Abu Dhabi - Duba\u00ef - il y a des choix politiques, des choix de soci\u00e9t\u00e9, qui sont faits lorsque l'on planifie une ville - ces divers choix - cette panoplie de choix - que l'on fait - il s'appelle finalement un mod\u00e8le - il y a des grands mod\u00e8les que l'on peut suivre - on...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Trag\u00e9die r\u00e9guli\u00e8re (classique) et tragi-com\u00e9die irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re ( baroque)<\/a><\/div>
...1. la trag\u00e9die r\u00e9guli\u00e8re: classique - la notion de classique appara\u00eet \u00e0 partir du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle - on parle d'oeuvres classiques pour toutes les oeuvres qui sont \u00e9tudi\u00e9es dans les classes - classiques parce qu'on les \u00e9tudie \u00e0 l'\u00e9cole - c'est \u00e0 partir du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle - lorsque les auteurs fran\u00e7ais particuli\u00e8rement pour le th\u00e9\u00e2tre, Corneille, Moli\u00e8re, Racine - ils sont pr\u00e9sen...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1980s New Traditionalists and New Wave<\/a><\/div>
...the rise of New Wave at the end of the 1970s - a signal event in the sense that it helped define the end of the decade that was pushing back and rejecting the hippy aesthetic, which unified Rock music from the mid-60s to the end of the 1970s- New Wave into the 1980s had three main groups - 1. those who turned to the past in an ironic or detached way - not that you want to return to...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples<\/a><\/div>
...la charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples - du 27 juin 1981 - il y a une double originalit\u00e9 - 1. formelle - l'effet au champ g\u00e9ographique - la charte s'applique sur l'ensemble du continent africain - \u00e0 l'exception le cas du sud Soudan - 2. mat\u00e9rielle - c'est l'effet au contenu - une premi\u00e8re originalit\u00e9 mat\u00e9rielle de la charte est sa cons\u00e9c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
Hominid Bipedality<\/a><\/div>
...humans walk upright - walking up a hill, you realize one of the consequences of that - we're able to walk relatively efficiently - this has compromises for other forms of locomotion - we're not especially good at climbing - we've descended from a mammal that are especially good at: - climbing - good at walking quadrupedally - as hominids, we took a different pathway...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
17\u00e8me si\u00e8cle Paris et le th\u00e9\u00e2tre public<\/a><\/div>
...le th\u00e9\u00e2tre \u00e0 la Renaissance - est un th\u00e9\u00e2tre qui se joue dans des salles ferm\u00e9es - va perdurer jusqu'au XVIIe si\u00e8cle - Paris commence par disposer d'une premi\u00e8re salle qui est une salle construite par une confr\u00e9rie - une confr\u00e9rie religieuse comme il y en avait tant dans l'Ancien R\u00e9gime - les confr\u00e8res de la Passion - une version du Myst\u00e8re du Moyen \u00c2ge dans lequel on re...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
Henri Bergson on WWI Germany and France<\/a><\/div>
...Henri Bergson - French philosopher - by WWI had achieved an unparalleled reputation - 1914, election to the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise - his lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France were wildly popular, especially with women - exhibited clarity of insight, controlled form of prose, and lucidity - a person who was entirely dedicated to the life of the mind - during Dreyfus Affair, rema...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1980s New Acts, Old Styles and Blue-Eyed Soul<\/a><\/div>
...artists that came along in the 1980s but who based their sound on earlier styles - AC\/DC - out of Australia - if you had just discovered AC\/DC, you would think that they would be best grouped with bands like Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin from the first half of the seventies - but AC\/DC didn't have their first big hits in the United States until 1979, when groups like Led Zeppelin st...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
Subjectivity, Objectivity, and Intentionality<\/a><\/div>
...our overall conception of consciousness is that it is indeed something we do - but intentionality is usually only thought of in terms of acts such as walking or speaking - perception, imagination, and emotion are all intentional - each instance has a subjectivity and an objectivity - variations of intentionality reveal the underlying detail of the basic structure of consciousness...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Soldiers, Chivalry, and Men of Feeling<\/a><\/div>
...Gainsborough's portrait \"Lieutenant General Edward Ligonier\" - shows relationship between man and beast - \"it was possible to judge a Gainsborough's portrait as if it were a living person\" - we have the sense when confronting one of his paintings that we are confronting someone personally - e.g. going about their daily business on the streets of Bath, where Gainsborough lived...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1970s Progressive Rock Adapts to the 80s<\/a><\/div>
...many 70s bands continued to have great success into the 1980s - it's typical of history of music to only follow the new innovations as they occur in time - the music scene is more varied than just following the newest innovations- in some cases they had more success in the 80s than in the 70s - Genesis - went from Genesis to corporation - the band was down to three people...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Dinosaur Paleobiology<\/div>
Determining Dinosaur Appearance<\/a><\/div>
...museums often display fully fleshed-out models of dinosaurs - paleontologists have some methods to determine the appearance of some dinosaurs based on dry bone fossils - bones are hard, mineralized structures that rot away slowly - muscles, organs and skin decay quickly - they are seldom fossilized - however, sometimes paleontologists get a rare glimpse of a dinosaur's soft a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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L'avenir de la d\u00e9cision : conna\u00eetre et agir en complexit\u00e9<\/div>
Les comp\u00e9tences et les incertitudes<\/a><\/div>
...on peut comprendre la complexit\u00e9 - on gagne \u00e0 la comprendre - comme une s\u00e9rie de contradictions qu'il faut affronter tous les jours - qui ne d\u00e9pendent pas des d\u00e9cisions des uns ou des autres - les organisations sont soumises en particulier \u00e0 une tension - entre court-terme et long-terme- on attend \u00e0 court-terme de soi-m\u00eame et des autres qu'on d\u00e9livre au maximum de ce qu'on ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
18th Century Baroque Improvisation<\/a><\/div>
...improvisation played an important role in the Baroque - the written music often supplied only the melody which the performer was expected to embellish - a figured bass line - included numbers which indicated which other notes were to be played - singers and instrumentalists were expected to improvise ornaments like trills, grace notes, and turns - to personally enhance com...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Africa's Second Imperial Wave<\/a><\/div>
...the Suez Canal - plowed through the land to connect the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean - transformed the relationship between the continents of Afro-Eurasia- until the 1880s most of European interests in Africa were restricted to the coast - relied on indigenous polities and merchant princes - to harness the slaves - to bring slaves to the coast to trade them with Euro...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Origins<\/div>
Paleoanthropology and Anthropology<\/a><\/div>
...anthropology - studies the diversity of the human condition - the past, the present, and the future - includes biology, science, language, and culture - culture - a system of shared meanings - used to cope with surroundings and communicate with others - subfields - cultural anthropology - diversity of beliefs from a cross-cultural perspectives - social struct...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Gestion et Politique de l'eau<\/div>
Les grands enjeux de la gouvernance de l'eau<\/a><\/div>
...trois grands enjeux de la r\u00e9gulation de la ressource en eau - la question des usages - la question des r\u00e8gles - la question des territoires de gestion de la ressource - on assiste depuis plus de 200 ans \u00e0 - une extension du nombre de resources - une diversification des usages - l'exemple d'une rivi\u00e8re ou de ce lac - au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, il y avait tr\u00e8s peu d'usage et d'u...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Transition from Israel to Jesus<\/a><\/div>
...the transition from Israel to Jesus - the relationship between the Old Testament and New Testament is of promise and fulfillment - prophecy found in Isiah 7:14, \"Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.\" - this is understood as being fulfilled by the virginal conception of the Christ child by ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Laozi and The Desires of the Eye<\/a><\/div>
...the desires of the belly - simple desires which constitute our basic nature - few and finite- the desires of the eye - the things you can see that are far away that you don't have - that's the problem with them: they aren't things that are here that we are appreciating with our belly - created by society and socialization - they are infinite - society can keep churning ou...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
Hermann Cohen on Judentum and Deutschtum during WWI<\/a><\/div>
...1916 is the key year in Germany - failed offensive in Verdun - Falkenhayn's failed attempt to bleed out the French to force a decisive victory - counter offensive in the Battle of the Somme - puts pressure on the Germans - an increasing sense in Germany that the war cannot be won - coupled with the consequences of the economic blockade - on the home front a real shor...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Gainsborough's Portrait of Karl Friedrich Abel<\/a><\/div>
...Portrait of Karl Friedrich Abel - Hunting Art Gallery, San Marino, California - Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) - a portrait of a musician as a man of sensibility - Karl Friedrich Abel - German musician who trained under Bach - one of the last great virtuosi of the viola de gamba - seen at desk poised over a musical score - presented as the consummate musician, act...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior<\/div>
The Value of Meaning in Work<\/a><\/div>
...talked to software company - 200 engineers in room - had worked on project which was supposedly the next visionary project for the company - worked on it for two years - a week before the CEO cancelled the project - it was a demotivated group - they reported that they began to come to work later, and go home earlier - the CEO was seeing the workers as rats in a maze - m...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rooseveltian Century<\/div>
Franklin Roosevelt's Approach to Security<\/a><\/div>
...during his four-term presidency, FDR had to face security threats unequaled in scale - 1929 Wall Street crash - the Great Depression - very high unemployment - poverty affecting millions of people - abroad there was the rise of totalitarianism- 1933 inaugural address - \"Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself -- nameless, unreasoni...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Andr\u00e9 Comte-Sponville: amour et amiti\u00e9<\/a><\/div>
...Andr\u00e9 Comte-Sponville (1952-) - philosophe fran\u00e7ais - ses philosophes de pr\u00e9dilection sont \u00c9picure, les sto\u00efciens, Montaigne et Spinoza- les quatre ordres d'\u00e9thique - 1. l'ordre \u00e9conomico-technico-scientifique - est fonci\u00e8rement neutre moralement - c'est en vue de consolider ou de favoriser un rapport de force donn\u00e9 - prot\u00e9ger ceux qui ne sont pas en position de force...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1980's Heavy Metal<\/a><\/div>
...because heavy metal became so popular by the end of the 80s - we tend to look back to the late 60s and early 70s and call a lot of that music heavy metal - because it seems to share many of the characteristics- but heavy metal music didn't begin to separate itself out from other blues-based rock music until the end of the 1970s and the early 1980s - at the time when rock music was cha...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Early 20th Century American Imperialism<\/a><\/div>
...Europeans were not the only powers to scramble for new opportunities in the rest of the world at the end of the 19th century - e.g. in Africa- Americans had joined this project as well - although it held back from formal colonization - as in the type Europe was engaging in - Hawaii - in one sense a colony before they became a state - Puerto Rico - avoided formal colonizat...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Publics et adversaires du th\u00e9\u00e2tre<\/a><\/div>
...les historiens ont pens\u00e9 que le public des th\u00e9\u00e2tres publics \u00e9tait un public m\u00e9lang\u00e9, fait de - laquais - filous - bourgeois - nobles - mais il se trouve que cette conception-l\u00e0 ne r\u00e9siste pas \u00e0 l'analyse - toute simple du prix des places de th\u00e9\u00e2tre - le prix des places les moins ch\u00e8res dans les th\u00e9\u00e2tres sont quinze sous au parterre, doubl\u00e9 lors d'une cr\u00e9ation d'une pi\u00e8ce...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction to Mathematical Thinking<\/div>
The Birth of Arithmetic<\/a><\/div>
...arithmetic - led to modern mathematics - addition, subtraction, multiplication, division - originally just addition and subtraction - counting - 35,000 BCE or earlier - piles of pebbles - notches on bones and sticks - notched bones have been found - perhaps for - seasons - phases of the moon - monetary system - the first evidence we have for ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Elijah and the Restoration of Israel<\/a><\/div>
...Israel's restoration - John the Baptist introduces the figure of Jesus - John's ministry - sets the stage for the hope of Israel's restoration - Gospel of Mark - no infancy narrative telling us about the birth of Jesus - no stories about the circumstance that attended his conception or birth - we learn nothing about his pre-existence as we learn in the Gospel of John...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1980s Heavy Metal and L.A. Hair Bands<\/a><\/div>
...heavy metal hits the big time - bands from the first half of the 80s had decent success - Van Halen - Motorhead - but there wasn't really a move toward heavy metal yet - second half of the 80s, heavy metal becomes much more popular - two bands that started off this trend, but not particularly thought of now as heavy metal - Bon Jovi - New Jersey - Jon Bon Jovi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1980s Ambitious Heavy Metal<\/a><\/div>
...heavy metal bands that captured the spirit of the progressive rock bands of the 1960s and 1970s - took heavy metal seriously - wanted to do something with a sense of seriousness of purpose - not the dandyism of the L.A. Hair Bands - or the kind of radio-friendly, hook-oriented bands such as Guns-n-Roses, Van Halen, or Bon Jovi - music that had substance to it - had contr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1894-1905: Japan's Imperial Wave in Asia<\/a><\/div>
...there was expansion not only in Europe and the Americas, but in East Asia as well - 1868 Meiji [MAY-gee] Restoration - a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji - powerful army trained by Prussian officers - powerful navy modeled on British expertise - Port of Edo - today the Port of Tokyo - navy displayed their power...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Kant: la Critique de la raison pure<\/a><\/div>
...Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804) - philosophe du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle - il \u00e9taite \u00e0 l'origine d'une profonde r\u00e9volution en philosophie - il \u00e9tait un air infiniment s\u00e9rieux - il avait une attention profonde - mais il \u00e9tait un homme agr\u00e9able \u00e0 vivre, bon compagnon et gai, heureux dans la vie sociale - il n'a pas seulement r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 l'\u00e9thique mais aussi toute la philosophie moderne ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Orientierung Geschichte<\/div>
Geschichtswissenschaft<\/a><\/div>
...die Subjektivit\u00e4t des Betrachtes - beim Blick auf die Vergangenheit, bleibt auch der Historiker ein Teil seiner Gegenwart - er ist vorgepr\u00e4gt durch seine Erfahrungen, Ausbildung, Interessen und seine historischen und politischen Gegebenheiten seiner Zeit - es gibt einen markanten und unaufl\u00f6slichen Unterschied zwischen - 1. der objektiv abgelaufenen Geschichte - 2. einer Aufarbei...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
1930s: The Origin of the American Comic Book<\/a><\/div>
...the comic book first arose in America in the mid-1930s - the demand for a new form of entertainment - in small towns, we were becoming aware that we were apart of something larger than just a small town - all of America was facing economic depression - country was facing the threat of war in Europe - people were looking for outlets of entertainment - comic books were inexp...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
Les droits civils et politiques<\/a><\/div>
...les droits dits civils et politiques - les droits de la premi\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, - remontent au 18\u00e8me si\u00e8cle - incarnent la valeur de la libert\u00e9 - expriment d'un point de vue id\u00e9ologique la doctrine du lib\u00e9ralisme - dans quels instruments ces droits sont-ils prot\u00e9g\u00e9s - 1. au niveau universel - dans la d\u00e9claration universelle des droits de l'homme - pacte sur les droits ci...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Laozi: He Who Speaks Does Not Know<\/a><\/div>
...Laozi: \"He who speaks does not know\" - famous saying from the Daodejing - very easy to make satire of, since it contradicts itself - but it maps to the suspicion of language, since language can - cut us off from our experience - distorts our experience in various ways - a common theme in the Daodejing and the Zhuangzi - two foundational texts of Daoism - language c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
The Ligoniers: The Tensions of Gender in Paint<\/a><\/div>
...the Ligonier paintings - Edward, Second Viscount Ligonier - Penelope, Viscountess Ligonier - both portraits painted in 1771 - located at The Huntington Art Collections in California - outstanding examples of 18th century portraiture - fine examples of the gendered culture of sensibility - Gainsborough painted a number of portraits of the gentry and landed aristocracy - in...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Theater and Globalization<\/div>
Deterritorialization and Modernization<\/a><\/div>
...the relation between theater, globalization, and mobility - mobility is understood in two ways - 1. migration - people relocated to different parts of the globe in the 19th and 20th centuries - their theatrical cultures followed them - 2. theatrical mobility - theatrical actors and performances which moved around the world- deterritorialization - coined by Gilles Deleu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Paleontology: Early Vertebrate Evolution<\/div>
The Origin of Vertebrates<\/a><\/div>
...origin of vertebrates - 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion - saw the rise in organism diversity - humans, other mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, and fish are all part of a large clade of animals called the vertebrata, or vertebrates - vertebrates are part of a larger clade called the Chordata - animals that have a stiff chord in their back -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Preparing for the Restoration<\/a><\/div>
...how to prepare for the restoration - John the Baptist insists that Israel prepare itself to meet the Messiah - if John proclaimed a baptism of repentance, and if Jesus consents to the proclamation of John, then we come to the conclusion that Jesus must have thought of himself as in need of forgiveness for his own sins - this conflicts with the church's claim that Jesus as the Son of Go...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Karl der Gro\u00dfe - Pater Europae<\/div>
Expansion des Reiches: Sachsen und Awaren<\/a><\/div>
...Expansionspolitik: Sachsen und Awaren - hier hatte Karl mit den heidnischen Gegnern an der Grenze des Reiches zu tun - bei der Motiven mischen sich Expansions- und Missionsgedanken - der Sachsenkrieg - begann Karl fr\u00fch - 772: schon ein Jahr nach Beginn der Alleinherrschaft - unter den vielen Kriegen Karls, dieser Krieg war der h\u00e4rteste und der l\u00e4ngste - 30 Jahre lang...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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G\u00e9opolitique de l'Europe<\/div>
Les cartes \u00e0 g\u00e9om\u00e9trie variable du territoire europ\u00e9en<\/a><\/div>
...le continent europ\u00e9en est le plus riche en organisations internationales - cr\u00e9ant des dynamiques entre territoires, fronti\u00e8res, circulation et organisation politique - l'Union europ\u00e9enne s'est \u00e9largie et approfondie au cours du temps - occupe aujourd'hui la place centrale au sein de cette multitude d'organisations europ\u00e9ennes- apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale - les \u00e9tats europ\u00e9en...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Rashid Rida and 19th Century Islamic Modernization<\/a><\/div>
...end of the 19th century - humans were becoming national subjects - becoming Japanese - becoming Brazilian - becoming German - these were all states and nations that scarcely existed a century earlier - the national frame gave people a sense of new identity for defining their membership in political communities - those who were bereft of a state - didn't have a polity t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Moons of Our Solar System<\/div>
The Icy Moons<\/a><\/div>
...as you get to Jupiter and beyond, you get to the frost line - bodies are icier than rocky - the moons of Jupiter and the moons further out tend to have more ice on their surfaces and interiors - how ice fractures is different than it fractures on earth- icy moons - a group of small bodies - orbit the giant gas planets - also in the Kuiper Belt there are icy bodies - 1000 k...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Effeminacy and the Culture of Sensibility<\/a><\/div>
...The Blue Boy - stands next to Thomas Lawrence's Pinkie - achieved a level of popularity rarely afforded to an academic painting - Pinkie and Blue Boy make an engaging pair - Jonathan Buttall was thought to be the model for the Blue Boy - but Gainesborough's nephew is a more likely candidate - an example of costume and fashion in English portraits in the 1770s - the blue suit...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Orientierung Geschichte<\/div>
Quellen und Quellenkritik<\/a><\/div>
...in der Rekonstruktion der Vergangenheit ist die Geschichtswissenschaft abh\u00e4ngig von den Quellen - die Quellen sind das bevorzugte Bekenntnismedium - nur das Studium der Quellen in ihrer unmittelbaren \u00dcberlieferungsform oder in kritischen Editionen schafft einen methodischen Zugang durch nicht bereits subjektive Interpretationen - Quellenkenntnis ist unverzichtbar, um wissenschaftli...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Igor Stravinsky\u2019s The Rite of Spring<\/div>
Stravinksy's Compositional Techniques: Folk Melodies<\/a><\/div>
...Igor Stravinsky lived almost 90 years (1882-1971) - wrote a large amount of music - although it changes over time, there is much we can say about what his music sounds like in general - 1. appearance of melodies that sound like folk melodies but are different in kind than the folk melodies that we usually recognize in the Anglo-American tradition - characteristic of the Rite of Spr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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G\u00e9opolitique de l'Europe<\/div>
La crise de la d\u00e9fiance<\/a><\/div>
...la question de l'\u00e9clatement de l'Union europ\u00e9enne - un nombre grandissant de citoyens europ\u00e9ens doutent que leur construction europ\u00e9enne, une construction in\u00e9dite dans l'histoire, soit arm\u00e9e pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la crise prot\u00e9iforme dans laquelle sont plong\u00e9s leurs pays - il faut voir que la construction europ\u00e9enne est confront\u00e9e \u00e0 une crise de d\u00e9fiance sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent - cette crise de d\u00e9fia...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
Early Hominins<\/a><\/div>
...hominids - all modern and extinct great apes including gorillas, chimps, orangutans and humans- hominins - any species of early human that is more closely related to humans than chimpanzees, including modern humans themselves- Carol Ward - professor of anatomy at the University of Missouri in Columbia - worked in the field in Kanapoi, Kenya - at the southern end of Lake Tur...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
The Beginning of Rap<\/a><\/div>
...hip hop culture in the 80s - 1970s arises in New York's African American and Latino communities - remained a regional culture - you would have had to go to e.g. the Bronx to see it - it was the same thing with punk at CBGB or Max's Kansas City - several components to hip hop - rap music - graffiti - got the most attention outside of New York - break dancing - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Le fait de la raison<\/a><\/div>
...Kant (1724-1804) - les \u00eatres humains ne sont pas seulement des \u00eatres th\u00e9oriques - mais des \u00eatres qui ont vocation \u00e0 agir - agir dans un sens \u00e9thique- Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - une des deux grandes figures du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle - il \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cisive dans d'orientation de Kant - il est maintenant c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 en Gen\u00e8ve - depuis que les querelles sont oubli\u00e9es o\u00f9 \u00e0 cause de ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Oriental Beliefs: Between Reason and Traditions<\/div>
Nature in Japanese Daily Life<\/a><\/div>
...polytheistic religions - recognize multiple divine beings - Japan - when we think of Japanese life, we think of Tokyo, skyscrapers, many people, luxurious European-inspired shops in the Ginza quarter - on the other hand, in Kyoto, the former Japanese capital, we encounter a different universe - traditional temples - shrines - beautiful landscapes with mountains and rivers...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Great War and Modern Philosophy<\/div>
Hodgson and Reinach on Foreboding<\/a><\/div>
...British 18 and 19-year-old men found themselves in a foreign land for the first time- German fathers found themselves in France which they had once visited as a student- they stood in trenches waiting for the shrill whistle that ordered them over the top- the saw little of the enemy - only the crash of artillery - the murmur of those around them waiting as they were to die- Wi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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D\u00e9couvrir l'anthropologie<\/div>
Ethnographie, Ethnologie, Antropologie<\/a><\/div>
...la discipline anthropologique peut \u00eatre d\u00e9coup\u00e9e en trois \u00e9tapes - processus distincts mais compl\u00e9mentaires de production de savoirs - 1. l'ethnographie - \"graphe\" veut dire transcrire - produire des th\u00e9ories par la Imise en dialogue d'empiries singuli\u00e8res et localis\u00e9es - Maurice Godelier (1934-) - \"Les m\u00e9tamorphoses de la parent\u00e9\" - Pierre-Joseph Laurent - \"Beaut...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Concept of Reversion<\/a><\/div>
...Samsara - the concept of reversion, or turning back - from the Daodejing - 4th century BC - chapter 9 - \"To hold the vessel upright in order to fill it is not as good as to stop in time.\" - \"If you make your blade too keen, it will not hold its edge.\" - \"When gold and jade fill the hall, none hold on to them.\" - \"To be haughty when wealth and honor come your way is t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Historical Jesus and the Importance of Criteria<\/a><\/div>
...what is meant by scholars when they say the historical Jesus? - what are the criteria that we use when we talk decide what is historical and what is not? - what do we mean when we talk about the real Nero or the real Caligula, or Reagan or Clinton - what we usually mean by the real person is a body of knowledge that approaches an extremely accurate record of every day of their life...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Constitutional Law - The Structure of Government<\/div>
The Articles of Confederation<\/a><\/div>
...historical background - after the Revolutionary War, it was necessary to create a new government - the Articles of Confederation were drafted among the states - were deeply distrustful of having a strong national government - they didn't want to give the national government any more power than necessary - these were the states deciding what to do - they wanted to be the uni...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
19th Century Pan-Islam and Zionism Movements<\/a><\/div>
...late 19th century reform and adaptation - many projects to create new nations - sometimes creating new nations out of old empires - Persia - Egypt - Lebanon - Syria - a new vocabulary for describing political communities - a collection of faiths, languages, and families governing on the ground - imagining a nation was not the only respond to political pressur...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Karl der Gro\u00dfe - Pater Europae<\/div>
Okzident und Orient um 800<\/a><\/div>
...das Verkehrs- und Kommunikationsnetz, Rechtswesen, Zivilverwaltung, und Baukunst standen bei den R\u00f6mern weit \u00fcber die Leistungen der Franken- andere Reiche zu der Zeit - Das Byzantinische Reich (395-1453) - entstand in der Sp\u00e4tantike nach der sogenannten Reichsteilung von 395 aus der \u00f6stlichen H\u00e4lfte des R\u00f6mischen Reichs - Abbasidisches Kalifat (750-1258) - hat seine gr\u00f6\u00dfte Ausde...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
L'imp\u00e9ratif hypoth\u00e9tique, assertorique et cat\u00e9gorique<\/a><\/div>
...l'\u00e9thique se constitue \u00e0 partir d'une exigence de la raison pratique - l'exigence qui se r\u00e9v\u00e8le dans la volont\u00e9 - il y a quelque chose d'imp\u00e9rieux au coeur de la raison - en tant qu'elle est volont\u00e9 humaine - d'imp\u00e9ratif de la raison pratique - tous les imp\u00e9ratifs ne sont pas du m\u00eame degr\u00e9 ou du m\u00eame niveau d'exigence- il en distingue trois imp\u00e9ratifs qui rel\u00e8vent de la con...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1980s: Rap Crosses Over to Mainstream<\/a><\/div>
...rap was originally a live experience only - you had to be there to experienced how it happened - if you are going to make money in the music business, you have to cross over to white audiences - that's where the money was - that's where the disposable income was - you had to figure out a way of taking whatever music you had out of a niche audience, and getting it onto the whit...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Les conditions de repr\u00e9sentation : les trois types de troupes<\/a><\/div>
...ces pi\u00e8ces de th\u00e9\u00e2tre - qu'on va appeler classiques - ou celles qu'on va appeler plus tard baroques - les trag\u00e9dies et les tragi-com\u00e9dies - sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es par diff\u00e9rentes troupes de com\u00e9diens qu'on peut r\u00e9partir en trois grandes cat\u00e9gories- 1. les grandes troupes parisiennes - l'H\u00f4tel de Bourgogne (Com\u00e9diens du Roi) - le Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Marais - quelquefois appel\u00e9 petits...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Intellectual Humility<\/div>
Two Modern Theories of Intellectual Humility<\/a><\/div>
...when people are faced with difficult questions - they prone to dismiss and marginalize dissent - politics is polarizing - in some parts of the world extremely dangerous - whether it is - Christian fundamentalism - Islamic extremism - militant atheism - religious dialogue remains tinted by terrifying and dehumanizing arrogance, dogma, and ignorance- the world needs more ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Laozi on Shutting Down the Prefrontal Cortex<\/a><\/div>
...Laozi has the most literal sense of wu-wei - in the sense of non-action, or do nothing - he wants to - shut down activity - shut down the trying the society has encouraged us to do - strip away desires, artificial hypocrisy and learning that's been laid on top of our natural desires - Daodejing, Ch. 48 - \"In the pursuit of learning, one does more each day, but in the pursu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Villes africaines: la planification urbaine<\/div>
Flux et fluidit\u00e9: quel mod\u00e8le pour quelle ville<\/a><\/div>
...pi\u00e9tons ou voitures - aux \u00c9mirats Arabes Unis - on favorise la voiture - en Asie du Sud-Est - \u00e0 Singapour et Kuala Lumpur - on cherche de plus en plus - \u00e0 favoriser le pi\u00e9ton - c'est un choix politiques - le flux des gens que je fais venir dans ma ville globale, est-ce que je vais faire en sorte qu'ils puissent se promener \u00e0 l'air libre - l'exemple \u00e0 Abu Dhabi - que...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Gainsborough's Cottage Door: Charity and Sensibility<\/a><\/div>
...Charity and Sensibility - Gainsborough painted this painting towards the end of his career - one of several pictures on this theme - how the representation of the rural poor and the theme of charity became part of the civic culture of the 18th century - many of Gainsborough's works include references to labor and the working class - one theme was impoverished mothers and their ch...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Naissance de l'\u00c9glise<\/a><\/div>
...la premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne - apr\u00e8s la mort de J\u00e9sus et comment elle s'est progressivement s\u00e9par\u00e9e du juda\u00efsme - seconstitue d'abord \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem - au lendemain de la mort de J\u00e9sus, au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 30 - d\u00e9ploie une activit\u00e9 missionnaire importante - en Palestine - mais tr\u00e8s vite dans tout l'Orient romain - les Actes des ap\u00f4tres - figurent aujourd'hui dans ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Advertising and Society<\/div>
Three Definitions of Advertising<\/a><\/div>
...advertising - we know it when we see it, but it can be difficult to define - three definitions - 1. \"any device which first arrests the attention of the passer-by and then induces him to accept a mutually advantageous exchange\" - James Laver, art historian, late 19th century - a broad definition - includes a flower that attracts through its color and nectar a butterfly to...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
The Bible's Treatment of Heroic Death<\/a><\/div>
...how does the Bible deal with the topic of dying for the state? - the First Book of Maccabees - summary - the two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. - first Maccabees was written about 100 B.C. in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. Instead, we have ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
19th Century Global Export-Led Growth<\/a><\/div>
...economic model: export-led growth - changed formerly inwardly-oriented villages - led to villages in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, which produced not for themselves but for the rest of the world - had a dramatic effect on the hinterland regions in particular on the relationship between humans and other animals - consumers would have a powerful effect on natural environments ar...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Big History: From the Big Bang until Today<\/div>
Speculations on How Life Emerged on Earth<\/a><\/div>
...how could all of this complex life have emerged from far more simple chemicals - very little hard data - a lot of room for speculation - what we have is speculation based on some empirical evidence- current hypotheses for the emergence of life - in any case - it happened a long time ago - in a place unknown - 1. panspermia hypothesis - it might have arrived from ou...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
1938: The Birth of Superman<\/a><\/div>
...June 1938 - sociological conditions that were present in America and the world - poverty - depression - war - this impacted America's need for heroes - many publishers turned Siegel and Shuster down - too crazy - too over-the-top - too unbelievable - too crude - finally published in Action Comics #1, June 1938 - starts with an origin story of superman - un...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
Mind Modularity, Cravings, and Self Control<\/a><\/div>
...push back against the modular view of the mind - sometimes these frames of mind set in - I'm not really aware of them happening - they are sometimes triggered by feelings - I could see a movie that could affect my subsequent behavior - but there are sometimes when I, the Chief Executive Self, make a decision - I may be tempted to eat a powdered doughnut, but I say no, it's...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
The Bach Family and the International Style of Baroque<\/a><\/div>
...the Baroque period in Germany - delayed behind France and Italy due to the Thirty Years' War (1618-48) - a struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism - much of the country was destroyed - territories were transferred - land was divided into more than 300 independent cities and territories - late 17th and early 18th century - some of Baroque's leading composers came ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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D\u00e9veloppement durable<\/div>
La transition d\u00e9mographique<\/a><\/div>
...transition d\u00e9mographique - la population mondiale va fortement cro\u00eetre dans les ann\u00e9es qui viennent - va passer d'un peu plus de sept milliards d'individus aujourd'hui - \u00e0 plus de neuf milliards dans 40 ans - cela va repr\u00e9senter un poids consid\u00e9rable pour - la plan\u00e8te - ses \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes - le climat - mais la population mondiale va ensuite se stabiliser- l'\u00e9vo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard: Subjectivity, Irony and the Crisis of Modernity<\/div>
Kierkegaard's Admiration of Socratic Irony<\/a><\/div>
...the central focus of attention in most of the concept of Kierkegaard's irony is Socrates - Kierkegaard was not only interested in the concept of irony, but in the figure of Socrates - Socrates (469-399 BC) - the dialogue The Apology is an account of his trial - the dialogue The Phaedo is an account of his final hours and his execution by drinking hemlock - spent much of his t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Late 1980s Hard Core Rap<\/a><\/div>
...1980s: rap music became CNN for black people - as it becomes a bigger commercial entity - began to offer many various kinds - one version of rap music was socially conscious rap - realistic communication of what urban life is really like for African American people - they didn't really didn't have a black news channel - had elements of good guys and bad guys as in other eras o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Agir moralement: Quelques exemples kantiens<\/a><\/div>
...Emmanuel Kant \u00e9tait un penseur essentiellement th\u00e9oricien - mais ce serait une erreur de penser qu'il ne s'est jamais occup\u00e9 de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 concr\u00e8te - dans sa vie quotidienne, ce n'\u00e9tait pas un homme isol\u00e9 des autres - il a cultiv\u00e9 l'amiti\u00e9 - sa vie a \u00e9t\u00e9 incontestablement tr\u00e8s rang\u00e9e - Kant a toujours pens\u00e9 que les \u00eatres humains devaient \u00eatre soucieux de l'action qui les cond...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
Internal Time Consciousness<\/a><\/div>
...what is it that makes a dripping faucet so annoying? - a single drip is an innocuous sound and probably not even very loud - the sensory properties of each drip are pretty constant - you have a non-sensory awareness that these sensations are not new - drip number 42 doesn't differ from drip number 1 - drip number 1 was then, and drip number 42 is now - the difference is time...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Moons of Our Solar System<\/div>
Naming Moons<\/a><\/div>
...the right to name moons and features on their surfaces belongs to a body known as the International Astronomical Union (IAU) - founded in 1919 - if you find a new moon, you suggest a name to the IAU but they don't have to accept it - today, when a moon is discovered - it is given a provisional name, e.g. S\/2005 P1 - S = Satellite - 2005 = year of discovery - P = primary b...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Caravaggio (1571-1610)<\/a><\/div>
...Caravaggio (1571-1610) - se llamaba Michelangelo Merisi - su familia era de un pueblo llamado Caravaggio - cerca de Mil\u00e1n - pint\u00f3 escenas de aspecto radicalmente diferente de lo que se hab\u00eda hecho hasta entonces - sus cuadros son im\u00e1genes de un tiempo nuevo - que muy pronto ser\u00edan imitadas en toda Europa - se form\u00f3 en Mil\u00e1n - pero pint\u00f3 la mayor parte de sus obras en R...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Switzerland in Europe<\/div>
Swiss Federalism and Corporate Taxation<\/a><\/div>
...The European Commission - the executive body of the European Union responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU - accused Switzerland of predatory tax regimes - the Swiss cantons played an important role- the Swiss state structure - Switzerland is a confederation - Confoederatio helvet...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Historical Jesus and the Criteria of Coherence<\/a><\/div>
...what is the relationship between the historical Jesus and the Jesus that the Church that proclaims in the creeds - no single criterion will give us a reliable historical Jesus - imagine Martin Luther never wrote anything down - that only his followers wrote down what he said - and so we have to reconstruct Martin Luther from voluminous material - we would ask, how would we se...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Guodian Laozi<\/a><\/div>
...archeological texts - some are versions of the Daodejing - texts that we have uncovered in their original written form - most written on bamboo with ink - some are silk text - Mawangdui, central China - manuscript on silk, 2nd century BC - some on paper where caves are particularly dry - Dunhuang - typically these come from tombs - debate on what the relationship was be...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Karl der Gro\u00dfe - Pater Europae<\/div>
Reisek\u00f6nigtum und Pfalzen<\/a><\/div>
...Pfalzen und Reisenk\u00f6nigtum- wie konnte Karl der Gro\u00dfe Herrschaft zur Geltung bringen - Aachen - Karl der Gro\u00dfe und Aachen werden oft zusammen genannt - Aachen wurde w\u00e4hrend der Sachsenkriege aufgebaut - gegen das Ende seines Lebens hielt er sich dort im Winter auf - ein geistliches Zentrum - Aachener Dom - das karolingische Oktogon - ein gedeckter...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
L'enthousiasme au respect de la loi<\/a><\/div>
...il ne faut pas penser qu'il est facile d'agir par devoir et de vivre \u00e9thiquement - l'immoralit\u00e9 est d'ailleurs une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 quotidienne tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandue - derri\u00e8re la fa\u00e7ade, que l'humanit\u00e9 nous montre et que nous montrons aux autres il se cache bien des choses qu'il serait difficile d'avouer et p\u00e9nible de les voir subitement mises au jour aux yeux de tous - Paul Val\u00e9ry : \"si le regard po...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Dinosaur Ecosystems<\/div>
Dinosaur Life and Extinction<\/a><\/div>
...synapomorphies - features that are shared between groups of dinosaurs- autapomophies - anatomical features that are not found in other dinosaurs- Phanerozoic Eon (542 million years ago) - 1. Paleozoic Era (524-251 Ma) ANCIENT - 2. Mesozoic Era (250-65 Ma) MIDDLE - Triassic (250-200 Ma) - Jurassic (200-145 Ma) - Cretaceous (145-65 Ma) - 3. Cenozoic Era (65 Ma - toda...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Indian Wars and Mass Slaughter of Bison<\/a><\/div>
...after the U.S. Civil War resolved the conflict between the South and the North - United States turned its sights to the West - 1867 Indian Peace Commission - under the leadership of Major Joel Elliot - signed treaties with the Cheyennes, Plains Apaches, Comanches, Arapahos, and Kiowas - major reservations were established in present-day South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Arizona...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Seduction in Boucher's pastoral paintings<\/a><\/div>
...Boucher's pastoral paintings - a pendant pair - two works that were created to be displayed together - hung on either side of a medallion portrait by John Baptist Lemuel of Louis XV - both the paintings and the medallion sculpture are from 1748 - the height of King Louis XV's time as king - the epitomize aspects of 18th century French art - defined by its lightness o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Punk Goes Hardcore<\/a><\/div>
...punk arose from an underground scene in New York - you had to be at CBGB to know that it was there - some elements of that, especially the music of the Ramones, translated into a UK scene - Malcolm McLaren put together the Sex Pistols - the bands in New York profited from this - by the end of the 1970s, groups like Talking Heads and Blondie were having pretty good success...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
La deuxi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des droits: \u00e9conomiques, sociaux et culturels<\/a><\/div>
...les droits de la deuxi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration - les droits \u00e9conomiques, sociaux et culturels - remontent au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle - incarnent selon Vasak, la valeur d'\u00e9galit\u00e9 - Karel Vasak (1929\u20132015) - fonctionnaire international tch\u00e8que-fran\u00e7ais et professeur d'universit\u00e9 - il d\u00e9cide de rester en France apr\u00e8s le coup communiste \u00e0 Prague en f\u00e9vrier 1948 - il a acquis la citoyennet\u00e9 ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The European Discovery of China<\/div>
European Names for China<\/a><\/div>
...China didn't enter the intellectual landscape in Europe until the end of the 16th century - Chinese themselves didn't refer to the territory as such - 260 BCE Warring States of China - Qin - Wei - Han - Chu - Qi - Zhao - Yan - the center states called themselves Zhongguo - the cultural and political nucleus of the civilized Chinese world - 1136 A...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
D'une religion orientale \u00e0 la religion officielle<\/a><\/div>
...quelle \u00e9tait la mani\u00e8re dont le christianisme est devenu une religion distincte du juda\u00efsme - dans l'empire romain, l'\u00c9glise conna\u00eet au cours du temps une \u00e9volution consid\u00e9rable - d'abord, elle appara\u00eet aux Grecs et aux Romains comme une religion orientale parmi d'autres - parfois mal distingu\u00e9e du juda\u00efsme - mais elle va en trois si\u00e8cles \u00e0 peine devenir la religion officielle de ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Paleontology: Early Vertebrate Evolution<\/div>
Vertebrate Environments<\/a><\/div>
...what kinds of environments the earliest vertebrates inhabited - paleontology is blending of - biology - geology - to understand how and why certain features evolved, we need to interpret the rocks that fossils are found in - this tells us what kinds of environments the animals lived in - depositional environments on land are more common - depositional environments in the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
D\u00e9roulement d'une s\u00e9ance<\/a><\/div>
...matin\u00e9e th\u00e9\u00e2trale - une apr\u00e8s-midi de th\u00e9\u00e2tre - commence officiellement \u00e0 quatorze heures - \u00e9tait constitu\u00e9e, dans un premier temps, par une pi\u00e8ce en cinq actes - mais il faut bien concevoir que la pi\u00e8ce en cinq actes, dans les conditions de repr\u00e9sentation de l'\u00e9poque \u00e9tait une pi\u00e8ce qui supposait un v\u00e9ritable entracte \u00e0 la fin de chaque acte - quelques minutes durant lesquelles ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
The People Behind the Golden Age of Comic Books<\/a><\/div>
...in the first half of the 1900s, the wave of immigrations of Jewish immigrants continued from Eastern Europe and Russia - many settled in New York - many looking to make large fortunes - but this is not what many found in the Great Depression of the 1930s - but their entrepreneurial spirit prevailed for some - Max Gaines (1895-1947) - in 1933, devised the first four-color, saddl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Suez Canal's Effect on the Malayan Tiger<\/a><\/div>
...Malay - how the transformation of agrarian hinterlands upsets and changes the lives and livelihoods of a sedentary peasantry - tigers had been the subject of important ritual hunts - tigers have been for centuries a sacred animal for the Malayan - an icon of noble savagery - the gods would often take on great feline features - hunting was a ritual event - for men to...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Gestion des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es en Afrique<\/div>
Les r\u00f4les des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es<\/a><\/div>
...les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es en Afrique - reconnues aujourd'hui comme \u00e9tant un outil fondamental pour parvenir \u00e0 la conservation de la diversit\u00e9 biologique - il y a une progression en nombre et en surface au cours des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es - conservent - des esp\u00e8ces menac\u00e9es - des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes sp\u00e9cifiques - des milieux rares - dans un \u00e9tat sinon naturel, en tout cas le moins modifi\u00e9...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianity: From Persecuted Faith to Global Religion (200-1650)<\/div>
The Great Church (180-313)<\/a><\/div>
...The Great Church (180-313) - a body of Christians living mostly in cities but also in rural areas - North Africa - Asia Minor - Armenia - Mesopotamia - remained a minority in a hostile world - languages spoke - Latin - Greek - Syriac (dialect of Middle Aramaic) - Coptic (the latest stage of the Egyptian language, spoken in Egypt until the 17th century) - fo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Le mal radical et la voie \u00e9troite de l'\u00e9thique<\/a><\/div>
...pourquoi il y a une propension chez les \u00eatres humains \u00e0 mal agir - il y a du mal parmi les \u00eatres humains - partout ils sont dans les cha\u00eenes - nous mentons aux autres - nous nous mentons volontiers \u00e0 nous-m\u00eames - on pense qu'on a \u00e9t\u00e9 contraint de le commettre sans pouvoir rien faire d'autre- d'o\u00f9 vient le mal - de notre finitude - de la puissance imma\u00eetrisable des forces ex...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
Goethe and Eckermann<\/a><\/div>
...Castle of Weimar - center of Goethe's social and work life - the duke had brought Goethe to Weimar as a budding writer - Goethe began to assume more and more public functions - theater - founded an amateur theatrical troupe and turned it into a professional theater company - Minister of Finance - sent on diplomatic missions- Goethe's garden house - here 39-year-old ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
L'architecture des salles de th\u00e9\u00e2tre<\/a><\/div>
...il y a deux types de th\u00e9\u00e2tres depuis l'Antiquit\u00e9 - 1. les th\u00e9\u00e2tres en plein air - l'amphith\u00e9\u00e2tres sur le mod\u00e8le des grands th\u00e9\u00e2tres grecs ou od\u00e9ons sur le mod\u00e8le des th\u00e9\u00e2tres latins - les th\u00e9\u00e2tres circulaires - qui d\u00e9termine la construction des premi\u00e8res th\u00e9\u00e2tres italiens - 2. en France, le mod\u00e8le \u00e9tait diff\u00e9rent pour deux raisons - 1. c'est une forme rectangulaire - la...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Late 80s Indie Rock Underground<\/a><\/div>
...among the commercial enterprises in the late 1980s - the was developing an alternative, off-the-radar music community - brought music to people in other ways - hard core punk did this as well- college radio and college rock - in the 1970s, AM radio dominated the music scene - FM radio had - classical music - university correspondence courses - Jazz - religious prog...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Superpowers of the Ancient World: the Near East<\/div>
1800-1500 BCE: Kamose and Ahmose Expelling the Hyksos<\/a><\/div>
...Second Intermediate Period (Dynasties 15-17) - 1800-1500 BCE - the most important center in Egypt was the Delta city of Avaris - ruled by the Hyksos King Apophis - Hyksos means \"foreign ruler\" in Egyptian - Egypt seemed to be ruled then by a Palestinian immigrant elite - the south of Egypt - capital is Thebes - economically poorer - ruler: Seqenenre - Apophis vs. ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Boucher's Madame de Pompadour: Controlling the Gaze<\/a><\/div>
...1754: Pastel of Madame de Pompadour - Fran\u00e7ois Boucher - the official mistress of Louis XV - came from the bourgeoisie rather than the nobility - ennobled by the king upon becoming his official mistress - known for her beauty and - a clever woman - had the king appoint her brother and uncle to positions of importance regarding arts in the society - directors of king's ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
Hominin Species and Speciation<\/a><\/div>
...why are species bounded from each other - we would expect to find - gradual changes in the fossil record - gradual gradations among living organisms, i.e. a continuous range of species of animals - explanation - as gradual changes occurred, they became more and more adapted to smaller habitats - those gradations gave rise to large populations and smaller populations - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Mountains 101<\/div>
Why do Mountains Matter?<\/a><\/div>
...why mountains matter - important in almost every country - compose one quarter of the world's surface - one quarter of the world's population live in or close to mountains- mountain ecosystems - almost all world's major rivers have their head waters in mountains - more than half of the world's population relies on the fresh water that collects in mountainous regions - drink...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Mozi and Materialist State Consequentialism<\/a><\/div>
...Mozi (468-391 BCE) - the \"zi\" means master - Mozi = Master Mo - Laozi = Master Lao - lived after Confucius (551-479 BCE) - lived before Mencius (390-310 BCE) - one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism - The Mozi - expounds the philosophy of Mohism - structured much like the Analects - collected after he died - may have penned some of the chapters...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Les textes patristiques<\/a><\/div>
...le christianisme devait une partie importante de son succ\u00e8s \u00e0 sa doctrine - se constitue \u00e0 travers la production d'une abondante litt\u00e9rature - les \u00e9crits du Nouveau Testamentdeviennent tr\u00e8s vite pour les chr\u00e9tiens des \u00e9crits de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence - textes pastoristiques - les apocryphes- Nouveau Testament - les premiers textes chr\u00e9tiens connus sont les \u00c9p\u00eetres de Paul, compos\u00e9es d...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1890-1914: Savage Wars of Peace<\/a><\/div>
...latter half of the 19th century - a long Victorian boom - represented a dynamic of a great production and circulation of plenty - new ideas - effervescence - a feeling of possibility - population growth increasing - intensified interdependence between societies - the world had a center, located in Europe - the British economy, and London in particular - capitalist front...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The European Discovery of China<\/div>
The Etymology of the Name Europe<\/a><\/div>
...the classical world had provided a mythical name for the Western end of Eurasia - Europa was the name of a Phoenician princess abducted by Zeus, named Europe - a Mediterranean myth - Zeus comes and abducts the princess and brings her back to Crete - sex and sea intermingled with the everlasting appeal of beauty and the beast - this name wasn't used widely until Renaissance tim...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Jesus: Who Do You Say I Am?<\/a><\/div>
...both Jesus and Israel are considered God's beloved and first-born son - in Genesis, this title is a challenge - \"Human nature is not constituted so as to facilitate the acceptance of chosenness. The one chosen is sorely tempted to interpret his special status as a mandate for domination.\" - some think that this hurdle which is so present in the Old Testament will not be present in the ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Phenomenology and the Conscious Mind<\/div>
The Experience of the Now<\/a><\/div>
...you start listening to a song, e.g. the Beatles song, \"Hey Jude\" - after it starts, the beginning is sinking into the immediate past - each moment of the song is, in time, a separate and discreet event - each word is a separate event - when we hear the word \"Hey\", every bit of us pulls towards the next word in the song, \"Jude\" - as the two words unfold, we have both anticipation and...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A Beginner's Guide to Irrational Behavior<\/div>
How Effort Leads to Fondness of the End Result<\/a><\/div>
...experiment - gave people sheet of paper with randomly arranged letters - asked them to find pairs of letters - paid them, but less for each sheet they did - each time they turned in a sheet they could define if they wanted to continue - three conditions - 1. acknowledged condition: when they handed it in, the experimenter looked at it, said \"ah-hah\" and put it down - particip...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
Goethe's Corpus and World Literature<\/a><\/div>
...Chinese novels translated into Western languages by 1827 - very few - relatively short - fast-paced - love stories full of adventures - improbable coincidences - magic - nothing like the Chinese novels that have since become part of the world literature canon - The Story of the Stone (Dream of the Red Chamber) - by Cao Xueqin (1715-1764) - one of China's Four ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/div>
\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430?<\/a><\/div>
...\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442 - \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0445 - \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043c-\u0442\u043e, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435- \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442 - \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b - \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0448\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0433 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b \u0447\u0430\u043f\u0435\u043a \u0432 1920 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 - \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u044c\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0443\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b\u00bb (\u00ab\u0440.\u0443.\u0440.\u00bb) - \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043f...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fake News, Facts, and Alternative Facts<\/div>
How We Know Things<\/a><\/div>
...to know if something is true, we need to know how we know what we know - this is actually a difficult question - has a massive literature in philosophy- what do we mean by knowledge - justified true beliefs - from very early philosophy people have been skeptical that we can know anything at all - Socrates: \"I know one thing: that I know nothing.\" - to get around this problem, ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
Patriotic Superheroes<\/a><\/div>
...Pearl Harbor changed the national mood - war became the culture of America - war united the population - super heroes mirrored this culture - fought the foe - endorsed readers to - support the Red Cross - buy war bonds- super heroes had to have super villains - villains changed after Pearl Harbor took place - Germans and Japanese were portrayed as sub-human, ve...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Art of Poetry<\/div>
Interplanetary Languages<\/a><\/div>
...poetry is metrical engineering- American poetry since the beginning of the 20th century - has concentrated on trying to use colloquial language - words in their accustomed order - that is a one of the roads into poetry - start with things that are much like yourself- Alan Ginsberg (1926-1997) - best known for his poem \"Howl\" - denounced the destructive forces of capitalism ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1900-1909: Russian and Turkish Dynasties<\/a><\/div>
...late 19th century colonial world - colonial authorities found themselves as occupiers rather than liberators - engaged in unconventional wars - not what the military authorities had been trained to practice - led to total wars in the colonies with three features - 1. armies become occupying armies - struggling to control territories, as well as people rising up against ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Rococo Eroticism in 18th Century Popular Culture<\/a><\/div>
...Jean-Honore Fragonard (1732-1806) - a student of Boucher - successful career on his own - had an unofficial career - had joined the academy as a student - was never officially in the academy since he didn't submit the final work - was able to have a successful career outside of court circles - producing a number of prints for the print market - different market - acc...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Postwar Abstract Painting<\/div>
Barnett Newman's Onement, I (1948)<\/a><\/div>
...Onement, I (1948) - Barnett Newman (1905-1970) - one of the major American artists in abstract expressionism - one of the foremost of the color field painters - born in New York City, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland - studied philosophy at the City College of New York and worked in his father's business manufacturing clothing - he considered it his mature work - a...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
Filiation kantienne<\/a><\/div>
...la pens\u00e9e de Kant touche l'ensemble de la vie des gens d'aujourd'hui - nous sommes tous les h\u00e9ritiers des Lumi\u00e8res - notre attachement \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 - notre attachement au fait que nous devons penser par nous-m\u00eames - nous refaisons que d'autres, parce qu'ils auraient un acc\u00e8s privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 \u00e0 la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, nous imposent leur conception de notre vie morale - tout cela vient des Lumi\u00e8res et...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e cultura italiana: avanzata<\/div>
Il congiuntivo: introduzione generale<\/a><\/div>
...il congiuntivo - vuole dire subjunctive - non \u00e8 un nuovo tempo verbale ma \u00e8 un nuovo modo verbale - esprime o descrive la soggettivit\u00e0, quello che noi pensiamo, crediamo, vogliamo, desideriamo, ordiniamo - tutti i verbi che abbiamo studiato finora sono all'indicativo, cio\u00e8 esprimono l'oggettivit\u00e0, la certezza- esempi - so che lui \u00e8 americano - il verbo principale e il verbo ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
The 19th Century Recovery of the Library of Ashurbanipal from 650 BC<\/a><\/div>
...the Epic of Gilgamesh is the first great work of literature that has survived - was the most popular work of literature in the ancient Near East in the second and first millennium before Christ - then it disappeared and was dug up again, and became a work of world literature in a wholly new way - the standard form of the epic was composed around 1200 BCE - circulated widely around ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e cultura italiana: avanzata<\/div>
Situazione: il congiuntivo in uso<\/a><\/div>
...Sapevamo di trovarti qui! - Ehi, ragazze! Come va?- A noi bene, e tu, lavoratrice. Non mi sembra che tu sia cos\u00ec impegnata! Non vedo il sudore sulla fronte! - Ma senti chi parla voi siete a spasso e io qua a lavorare. Ma voi piuttosto, siete venute per comprare qualcosa.- No, innanzitutto siamo venute per vederti, e poi, s\u00ec, per comprare del torrone. Sembra proprio che i nostri de...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Chosenness and Responsibility to Love and Service<\/a><\/div>
...what hold's true for the identity of Jesus also holds true for those who would be his disciples - \"And Jesus called to him the multitude with his disciples, and said to them, if any man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me, for whoever save his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for my sake and the gospel's will save it, for what does it profi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The Experience of the Not-Self<\/a><\/div>
...Buddhist meditation is sometimes called a mystical form of enlightenment - William James - there are two hallmarks of a mystic experience - 1. noetic - a sense that knowledge has been imparted, that some deep insight has been apprehended - 2. ineffable - its hard to express what the experience was like - no adequate report of its contents can be given in words...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La Commedia di Dante<\/div>
I personaggi della commedia Dante<\/a><\/div>
...la Commedia \u00e8 un poema corale - si compone di moltissime voci - una in particolare acquisisca una importanza speciale ed \u00e8 quella di Dante - del pellegrino, del viaggiatore, del personaggio che dice \"io\" - questo personaggio si presenta subito come una figura complessa - una figura che si compone di varie sfaccettature - v'\u00e8 il polo finale del personaggio, cio\u00e8 l'aut...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
Comic Books after World War II<\/a><\/div>
...changes from WWII comic from the Golden Age to post-WWII - genres - DC Comics had their big six - Superman - Sandman - Batman - Ultra-Man - The Spectre - The Flash - changes 1940s - 1950s - DC's first comic book - New Fun Comics - newspaper-strip inspired features - comical characters - turned into More Fun Comic books - Green Arrow and Speedy...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1990s: The Rise of Alternative Rock<\/a><\/div>
...the rise of alternative rock in the 1990s was sparked by the commercial success of Nirvana's album Nevermind in 1991 - a breakthrough album of alternative rock - similar to the Beatles appearing the Ed Sullivan show in 1964 - this watershed event of Nevermind didn't come all at once - arose out of the indies rock seen of the 1980s and hardcore punk seen- R.E.M. - 1987 Document...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e cultura italiana: avanzata<\/div>
Esercizio: Congiuntivo o indicativo?<\/a><\/div>
...avremo delle frasi con un verbo principale e un verbo secondario, dipendente - che pu\u00f2 essere all'indicativo o al congiuntivo - dovremo decidere se bisogna usare l'indicativo o il congiuntivo e decideremo in base al tipo di verbo nella frase principale- le frasi - \"Ho sentito che c'\u00e8 lo v dei mezzi pubblici.\" - usiamo \"c'\u00e8\" e non \"ci sia\" perch\u00e9 \"ci sia\" \u00e8 il congiuntivo et il ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
Bach's Monumental Chaconne<\/a><\/div>
...over the course of the Baroque period - instrumental music continued to gain independence over vocal music - many of the music works in opera made their way into purely instrumental works - recitative - a style of delivery in operas, oratorios, and cantatas, in which a singer is allowed to adopt the rhythms of ordinary speech- four categories of Baroque instrumental music - siz...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e cultura italiana: avanzata<\/div>
Congiuntivo presente di verbi irregolari<\/a><\/div>
...come si forma il congiuntivo presente di molti verbi irregolari - la regola non \u00e8 difficile - c'\u00e8 modo di seguire un certo sistema che ci aiuter\u00e0- come formiamo il congiuntivo presente - prendiamo la prima persona singolare all'indicativo e sostituiamo la vocale finale \"o\" con la \"a\"- alcuni esempi - andare - l'indicativo presente di andare: io vado - per ottenere...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
L'antirationalisme chr\u00e9tien<\/a><\/div>
...le christianisme pouvait attirer les Grecs et les Romains - mais qu'il suscitait \u00e9galement des oppositions fortes - cette opposition a des raisons qui sont d'ordre id\u00e9ologique - les chr\u00e9tiens eux-m\u00eames pr\u00e9tendaient s'opposer \u00e0 la culture qui les entoure- la culture grecque - on peut entendre deux r\u00e9alit\u00e9s - 1. au sens large c'est l'ensemble des productions de l'esprit grec,...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1899-1911 The End of the Qing Dynasty<\/a><\/div>
...China face threats from inside and out - over the course of the 19th century, China was forced to sign humiliating treaty concessions to external powers - European - Japan - also participated in slowly dismantling the sovereignty of the Chinese empire - was never fully colonized - the cost of colonizing was high - foreign powers could get the regime to do some of the d...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e cultura italiana: avanzata<\/div>
Verbi irregolari al congiuntivo<\/a><\/div>
...altri verbi che sono completamente irregolari al congiuntivo - i verbi dare, sapere, e - dare - che io dia - che tu dia - che lei\/lui dia - che noi diamo - che voi diate - che loro diano - sapere - che io sappia - che tu sappia - che lei\/lui sappia - che noi sappiamo - che voi sappiate - che loro sappiano - stare - che io stia - che tu sti...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Bible's Prehistory, Purpose, and Political Future<\/div>
Portrayal of Death in the Bible <\/a><\/div>
...instead of dying heroic, noble deaths, the warriors venerated in Biblical literature died in peace - Book of Judges - deaths are either not told are depicted as occurring peacefully in an advanced, old age - Gideon - one of the most celebrated names in the book after Deborah - his family was among the poorest in the tribe of Manasseh - he is the youngest son of the famil...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e letteratura in italiano<\/div>
La lingua italiana per gli accademici<\/a><\/div>
...quando parliamo di italiano accademico ci riferiamo alla lingua dell'universit\u00e0 - quella usata dai docenti per tenere le lezioni, i seminari o i laboratori - quella che troviamo nei libri e negli articoli che dobbiamo studiare - quella che serve per scrivere un documento, una relazione o una tesi di laurea - quella che usiamo per esprimerci quando sosteniamo un esame - uno stude...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Changing Landscape of Ancient Rome<\/div>
Introduction to Ancient Rome<\/a><\/div>
...Rome - 1st century - the largest city in the Roman Empire - one million people - 9th century BC - settlement - one part of settlement - one of the largest settlements in the Iron Age - subdivided into 27 smaller regions - Palatine Hill - Capitoline Hill - core of power - 6th century BC - larger than the 9th century BC - more complicated - l...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
Comic Books in the McCarthy Era<\/a><\/div>
...after WWII there was a growing threat of communism and the impact the Soviet Union was having on the world - it was beginning to have influence on other countries, e.g. in Eastern Europe - fears began to build - America has a political response to this fear - House Un-American Activities Committee - investigation of communist sympathizers in America real and imagined - McCar...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Postwar Abstract Painting<\/div>
Barnett Newman's The Wild (1950)<\/a><\/div>
...Barnett Newman (1905-1970) - 1950 The Wild - a very tall, extraordinarily narrow painting - the painting is as deep as it is wide - he has stretched his canvas over a solid piece of wood - he has hybridized this painting - it is as much a sculpture as it is a painting - Newman is a minimalist - he sees his paintings as objects - while his painting Onenes...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Mozi's Idea of Ideological Unity<\/a><\/div>
...Mozi's ideological unity - the importance of - getting people together on the same page in terms of what the right thing to do is - job efficiency- chapter: Honoring the Worthy - get worthy officials running the state - \"When a worthy man is given the task of ordering the state, he appears at court early and retires late, listens to lawsuits and attends to affairs of government...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Wine Tasting: Sensory Techniques for Wine Analysis<\/div>
The Sensory Experience of Wine<\/a><\/div>
...what is wine - the self-preserved juice of the grape - a pleasant alcoholic beverage - a complex liquid sensory stimulus - grapes used for making wine seldom taste like the wine they are going to make - walking through the vineyard tasting grapes, they're delicious - but they don't specifically taste like Cabernet or Pinot or Chardonnay or Zinfandel - people often t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Discipleship as Service to Others<\/a><\/div>
...disciples were concerned with the worry that others might be doing good in Jesus' name - but the power of Jesus cannot be reduced to a narrow circle - Jesus' teaching does not apply only to a set of righteous people set off from the idea of the unwashed masses - but as Jesus says, anyone who gives water to the thirsty will gain the reward which is their due- Mark 10:32-34 - \"And...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Western Music History through Performance<\/div>
The Classical Era (1750-1815)<\/a><\/div>
...in every generation, we tend to think that music and other facets of society have declined to new lows- Johann Joseph Fux (1660\u20131741) - an Austrian composer, music theorist and pedagogue of the late Baroque era - most famous as the author of Gradus ad Parnassum (1725), a treatise on counterpoint- a common but not very accurate meaning of classical music is used to refer to any music...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
John Lavery in Morocco: Orientalism and the Academy<\/a><\/div>
...John Lavery (1856-1941) - an Irish painter best known for his portraits and wartime depictions - 1913 lived and painted in Morocco - Lavery was living in Northern Morocco in the city of Tangier with his wife and daughter - they lived in that city from time to time over a 30 year period - Australian artist Hilda Rix Nicholas (1884-1961) visited him - \"In Morocco\" painting...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Human Evolution: Past and Future<\/div>
The Laetoli Footprints of Australopithecus afarensis<\/a><\/div>
...Laetoli footprints - Tanzania - first evidence of bipedal walking by early hominin - preserved in volcanic layer - not only has hominin footprints but other mammals - lions - antelope - 200 square kilometers - 1894 reported in scientific literature - Oscar Bauman - Austrian geographer - was looking for the source of the Nile River - he got lost - co...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fake News, Facts, and Alternative Facts<\/div>
Democratic News Consumption: The Ideal and the Reality<\/a><\/div>
...what do you need to know to be a good democratic citizen - you can't just know nothing - this will lead you to make sub-optimal democratic choices - democracy is essentially a combination of four things - 1. people have the ability to vote or in some way make their voices heard - 2. some kind of equal representation - 3. non-tyranny measures which make sure majorities that b...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
La critique de la conscience<\/a><\/div>
...la conscience est le si\u00e8ge de ce qui en nous nous oblige \u00e0 suivre notre devoir - on peut douter que la conscience puisse faire cela - Adam Smith - les personnes d'un groupe social estiment en conscience \u00eatre leur devoir, correspond en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e0 ce qui na\u00eet de l'interaction de ces personnes entre elles - les grands marchands, qui ne rencontrent que des grands marchands et la consci...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La Commedia di Dante<\/div>
I personaggi della Commedia: Virgilio e Beatrice<\/a><\/div>
...1. Virgilio - una figura del tutto particolare - \u00e8 presente nella Commedia come personaggio, come guida, ma nello stesso tempo \u00e8 presente anche come autore - \u00e8 difficile riassumere in poche parole l\u2019enorme importanza di Virgilio nel Medioevo - l'autore su cui si impara la grammatica - si leggono i testi di Virgilio per imparare il latino, nelle scuole e nelle universit\u00e0 - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
The 79 AD Ruins of Herculaneum<\/a><\/div>
...domestic architecture in Campania - Herculaneum - the sister city of Pompei - covered and presevered by volcanic eruption in August 79 AD - also near Boscoreale - famous for the frescoes of its aristocratic villas - while most of the city of Pompei has been excavated, only about 25% of the city of Hercumaneum has been excavated - mostly missing the public architecture...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e letteratura in italiano<\/div>
Gli aspetti centrali della comunicazione accademica<\/a><\/div>
...la comunicazione nell'ambiente universitario avviene in un contesto di studio - i nostri interlocutori sono persone con le quali abbiamo un rapporto formale - l'italiano accademico \u00e8 una lingua pi\u00f9 formale e pi\u00f9 complessa di quella di tutti i giorni - dovremo servirci di una lingua pi\u00f9 formale - le nostre frasi saranno precise e mai superficiali - \u00e8 una lingua pi\u00f9 complessachi...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Changing Landscape of Ancient Rome<\/div>
Latium from Bronze to Iron Age<\/a><\/div>
...Latium - a large plain between the Mediterranean Sea and the Apennine Mountains - people began inhabiting Latium (area around Rome) in the 10th century BCE - their language was the ancestor of Latin - they believed that their city was created by gods - Janus, with two heads - Virgil's Rome legend - the first people were aborigines - \"people who were there from the or...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
L'opposition \u00e0 la philosophie: l'apolog\u00e9tique<\/a><\/div>
...la premi\u00e8re attitude des chr\u00e9tiens face \u00e0 la philosophie celle de l'opposition - qui suppose une distinction entre deux fa\u00e7ons d'atteindre la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 - 1. philosophie - serait vou\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec - 2. la R\u00e9v\u00e9lation contenue dans les \u00c9critures - cens\u00e9e \u00eatre infaillible- le d\u00e9sir de se d\u00e9tourner de la philosophie - deux types de textes - 1. les apologies - 2. textes ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Roman Architecture<\/div>
Early History of Pompeii<\/a><\/div>
...Pompeii - located in an area called Campania - the area around Naples, south of Rome - small resort town beginning in late first century BC - sister city: Herculaneum - people made their money largely from commerce - a spot favored by the glitterotti of Rome - built imperial villas in the vicinity - Oplontis - Boscotrecase - Amalfi Coast - island of...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1990s Indie Rock and the Question of Selling Out<\/a><\/div>
...many of the bands from the 1980s indie scene went to major labels - ended up on MTV, went on tours - there was some push back on this, e.g. Pearl Jam protested Ticket Master's prices- the indie scene continued - a kind of alternative to the alternative - more dedicated to the idea of not selling out, keep it indie, keep it real, keep the do-it-yourself aesthetic- indie record la...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Lingua e cultura italiana: avanzata<\/div>
L'economia e il mondo del lavoro in Italia<\/a><\/div>
...il dopoguerra - l'Italia era fondamentalmente un paese agricolo - avuto uno sviluppo molto veloce - \u00e8 stato chiamato il miracolo economico italiano- oggi - fra le prime dieci economie del mondo - quindi uno sviluppo molto - questo sviluppo si \u00e8 accompagnato a processi - di urbanizzazione - di spostamento delle popolazioni dal sud al nord - a un cambiamento prop...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Hazel Lavery and the Politics of Display<\/a><\/div>
...the role the museum plays - museums display a story, a cultural narrative - stories of technical, stylistic, and formal development - from religious art, to secular patronage, to the individualism of modern art - codified spaces for ritual comparable to churches or cathedrals - this provides a useful way to think about how we engage with art in such spaces - in hush to...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The 1910 Mexican Revolution<\/a><\/div>
...Mexico - a new regime practicing old regime tactics - had lost almost half of its territory in a war with the United States in 1848 - after 1850s began a process of rebuilding - enjoyed a pattern of export-led growth - borrowing capital from Europe and the United States - to produce primary staples for other people's consumption - races - Indian or mestizo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
The Travel Narrative: Humanity's Blindness<\/a><\/div>
...the travel narrative - opens the theological error of Peter in Mark, chapter 8 - closes with James and John - the three most important disciples - Jesus takes these three up the mountain where he is dramatically transfigured - his clothes become so dazzlingly white that he could hardly be beheld - if these three most important disciples misunderstood Jesus, we can safely i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Hilda Rix Nicholas in Morocco<\/a><\/div>
...Hilda Rix Nicholas (1884-1961) - Australian artist - 1912 visited John Lavery's while visiting his studio in Morocco - one of the first Australian artists to visit Morocco - was in Morocco same time as Henri Matisse (1869-1954) - Matisse was the inventor of Fauvism - began to experiment with post-impressionism - applied paint broadly upon the canvas - loose brush stro...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
Gilgamesh as World Literature<\/a><\/div>
...when Austen Henry Layard discovered the clay tablets on which Gilgamesh is written, nobody could read them - he brought them back to the British Museum - gradually people start to study them - Sir Henry Rawlinson (1810-1895) - was in the British service in Persia - got interested in inscriptions - found inscription in Behistun which turned out to be by Darius I (550-486 BCE...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
L\u2019\u00e9thique du discours de Habermas et Apel<\/a><\/div>
...1784, Kant \u00e9crit un petit texte qui s'appelle R\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la question qu'est-ce que les Lumi\u00e8res - th\u00e8se : pour s'arracher \u00e0 l'\u00e9tat de minorit\u00e9, chacun doit pouvoir oser affirmer sa libert\u00e9 et l'affirmer publiquement dans le d\u00e9bat public - toute soci\u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9rale est fond\u00e9e sur la libert\u00e9 - une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 n'est pas une communaut\u00e9 - une communaut\u00e9 tient par le partage de valeurs communes, ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
L'architecture de la sc\u00e8ne th\u00e9\u00e2trale<\/a><\/div>
...l'\u00e9clairage a deux signification - 1. un \u00e9clairage commun \u00e0 la sc\u00e8ne - 2. un \u00e9clairage \u00e0 la salle- dans \u00e9poque-l\u00e0 on ne savait pas comment \u00e9teindre une partie d'un espace - on \u00e9clairait tout les lustres ensemble - il y avait au-devant de la sc\u00e8ne une sorte de rideau de lumi\u00e8re qui \u00e9taient des chandelles avec des r\u00e9flecteurs - ce rideau de lumi\u00e8re pouvait \u00eatre occult\u00e9 avec...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Les h\u00e9r\u00e9siologues<\/a><\/div>
...les apologies - un genre litt\u00e9raire dans lequel s'exprime une opposition \u00e0 la philosophie - les textes h\u00e9r\u00e9siologiques - les r\u00e9futations de l'h\u00e9r\u00e9sie - c'est le second lieu principal o\u00f9 s'exprime une opposition chr\u00e9tienne \u00e0 la philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9 - Justin - cette r\u00e9futation chr\u00e9tienne de l'h\u00e9r\u00e9sie commence avec lui - auteur d'une Apologie vers 150 - le premier \u00e0 av...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1990s Metal and Alternative Extensions<\/a><\/div>
...ways in which heavy metal and alternative were extended in the 1990s - fusion of Rap and Rock - you would often have a rock band, but the singer would rap the lyrics, sometimes singing some of them, sometimes screaming some of them - Rage Against the Machine - helped this rap into rock transformation take hold - Los Angeles - blending hard-driving rock with mostly rapped voca...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Panic of 1907<\/a><\/div>
...the late 19th century saw increasing troubles in the core European nations, and in the United States - the economy of the Victorian boom began to falter - 1873-1896 global and near-global recessions - had the capacity to skip from society to society - the weaknesses of the model of interdependence began to show - interdependence affected the ability of governments to stop t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux droits de l'homme<\/div>
La critique de classification Vasakienne<\/a><\/div>
...la classification Vasakienne des droits de l'homme en trois g\u00e9n\u00e9rations a trois types de critiques - 1. d'ordre terminologique - le terme g\u00e9n\u00e9ration induit en erreur - le terme g\u00e9n\u00e9ration \u00e9voque l'id\u00e9e d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration qui succ\u00e8de et remplace l'autre - en effet, ces trois cat\u00e9gories de droits coexistent et se compl\u00e8tent - 2. la nature r\u00e9ductrice de la classification g\u00e9n\u00e9ratio...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Buddhism and Modern Psychology <\/div>
The Exterior Version of the Non-Self<\/a><\/div>
...the interior version of the not-self - looking inside your mind - observing feelings and ideas - not identifying with them- the exterior version of the not-self - getting the sense that the bounds of your body are more permeable and porous than you might have thought - the boundaries are not so solid - there's more of an interaction with the world out there - it's a more...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
The Dream by Henri Rousseau<\/a><\/div>
...Henri Rousseau (1844-1910) - an outsider artist - spoke to the generation of the surrealists - died impoverished - 1910 The Dream - strange and enigmatic painting - a dream of a Polish woman with whom Rousseau had had a relationship - naked, she reclines on a red couch, her arm outstretched in a regal manner - she is in a tropical jungle - a musician playing the f...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Mozi's Doctrine of Impartial Caring<\/a><\/div>
...Mozi wanted objective standards of rightness - believed this was modeled on heaven- the central principle of Moism: jian ai - usually translated as impartial caring - sometimes has been translated as universal love - both terms are wrong - jian = impartial - distribution that is done in a fair and objective way - we need to get away from our partial view - for th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The French Revolution<\/div>
The Turning Point in Church Reform<\/a><\/div>
...unresolved issues in 1790-1791 - creating tensions between supporters of the revolution and and those who thought that its reformers were too radical- the reforms to the Church - the National Assembly includes many members of clerical deputies to the Estates General - the majority were parish priests - very popular because they were the people who started to break rank with pri...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Credo quia absurdum<\/a><\/div>
...credo quia absurdum - \"je crois parce que c'est absurde\" - une petite phrase souvent cit\u00e9e pour illustrer l'antirationalisme chr\u00e9tien - la foi serait totalement oppos\u00e9e \u00e0 la raison - c'est une erreur quand on penser que cette phrase est un rejet de toute forme de rationalit\u00e9 - souvent pr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 Tertullien - Tertullien (150-220) - se convertit au christianisme \u00e0 la fin du ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
Themes from the Epic of Gilgamesh<\/a><\/div>
...how does Gilgamesh have such an intimate sense to it - it is the first longer literature text - you would expect as a first literary text - an awkward, first attempt at literary excellence - the scribes would have tried a lot of things and not really understood what is required to create a successful literary text- the history of the text - dates from around 1200 BCE - attri...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Turn-of-the-Century Civilization and its Discontents<\/a><\/div>
...turn-of-the-century economic unease and swelling discontent about the nature of the system that was coming into being - was increasingly uncertain if markets be relied upon to be self-regulating and self-contained - the fear that economic difficulties could lead to economic difficulties - John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) - what would happen to the economy if at the center of the syste...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Hip-Hop in the 1990s<\/a><\/div>
...Hip-Hop in the 1990s - has a difficult relationship with rock - in a way it is like jazz, which is outside of rock, but in another way, it is part of rock - gained momentum in the 1980s in an underground scene - began in the 1970s - Run-D.M.C. made it mainstream - by the end of the 80s, rap is a force clearly to be reckoned with - increased technology that comes with digita...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
1954: Fredric Wertham's Impact on the Comic Book Industry<\/a><\/div>
...the era of the Comics Code Authority (1954) - was impacting publishers, editors, writers and artists of the comic characters - considered by many in the comic book industry to be the the Dark Ages of comic books in the 1950s - interview with Stan Lee (1922-), former editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics - Fredric Wertham - went on a campaign to convince people that comic books were ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fake News, Facts, and Alternative Facts<\/div>
The Definition of Propaganda and Fake News<\/a><\/div>
...the term fake news has become a contemporary buzz word - the concept itself is not new at all - people in power have always - used information to manipulate public opinion - manipulated information to distort facts about the world and gain access to more power - McCarthyism - the way that worked is he had his own brand of fake news - people would be named as communists...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La Philanthropie : Comprendre et Agir<\/div>
D\u00e9finitions et concepts de la philanthropie<\/a><\/div>
...philanthropie - d\u00e9signe l'ensemble des dons priv\u00e9s librement consentis en faveur d'organismes agissant dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - lutte contre la pauvret\u00e9 - \u00e9ducation - sant\u00e9 - recherche scientifique - environnement - art et culture- le sens du mot a bien \u00e9volu\u00e9 depuis sa cr\u00e9ation - au Ve si\u00e8cle avant notre \u00e8re - en Gr\u00e8ce dans la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre trag\u00e9die Prom\u00e9th\u00e9e encha\u00een\u00e9,...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Le r\u00e9cit et les formes du texte de th\u00e9\u00e2tre<\/a><\/div>
...l'art du th\u00e9\u00e2tre est un art de la performance, qui associe - un texte - du jeu - du son - du visuel - de la musique- l'art du th\u00e9\u00e2tre au XVIIe si\u00e8cle et au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle - le th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique - un art avant tout du texte - Aristote - un art du dialogue par opposition au genre narratif et particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 l'\u00e9pop\u00e9e et au roman - la diff\u00e9rence entre l'\u00e9pop\u00e9e et la...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Who was Responsible for the Death of Jesus<\/a><\/div>
...the week of Christ's passion - the most important moment in the Gospels - the defining moment was Jesus' death on the cross - who was responsible for the death of Jesus - the answer the Catholic catechism provides is denying that the Jews as a collective were responsible for this death - \"We cannot lay responsibility for the trial on the Jews in Jerusalem as a whole, de...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fronti\u00e8res en tous genres<\/div>
Essentialisme et constructivisme<\/a><\/div>
...de l'opposition entre l'essentialisme et le constructivisme - la constructivisme - traverse toute l'histoire de la g\u00e9ographie - ce n'est pas quelque chose de r\u00e9cent - mais quel est notre rapport au r\u00e9el - comment construisons-nous le r\u00e9el et comment analysons-nous ce r\u00e9el - dans la g\u00e9ographie cette question \u00e9tait pos\u00e9e d\u00e8s le XIXe si\u00e8cle - la g\u00e9ographie classique - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
L'\u00e9thique de la responsabilit\u00e9 de Hans Jonas<\/a><\/div>
...l'\u00e9thique du discours \u00e9tait h\u00e9riti\u00e8re de Kant - Kant a essay\u00e9 de passer de la conscience de soi \u00e0 une validit\u00e9 intersubjective - ces penseurs qui \u00e9tendent la philosophie de Kant veulent l'\u00e9tendre de mani\u00e8re universelle parmi tous les concern\u00e9s le fondement de l'\u00e9thique plut\u00f4t que de la trouver dans le secret de la conscience d'un individu - \u00e7a ne correspond pas \u00e0 intrag\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Une introduction \u00e0 la g\u00e9ographicit\u00e9<\/div>
Nous sommes des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s spatiales<\/a><\/div>
...pourquoi l'espace joue un r\u00f4le dans la vie sociale - dans un wagon de m\u00e9tro - les passagers se placent aussi loin que possible les uns des autres - dans une ville - on trouve une concentration de gros objets et de personnes - nous accueillons et au contraire rejeter la densit\u00e9 dans le quotidien endiverses mani\u00e8res- nous sommes des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s spatiales - notre appareil se...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
Le contenu du texte: la rh\u00e9torique<\/a><\/div>
...le contenu du texte - pour faire parler les personnages - pour que les personnages \u00e9changent - des id\u00e9es - des arguments - des passions - pour que le spectateur comprenne ce que l'auteur veut lui faire comprendre- sur sc\u00e8ne - le point de d\u00e9part d'une pi\u00e8ce de th\u00e9\u00e2tre - o\u00f9 est-il en sc\u00e8ne - \u00e0 quelle p\u00e9riode est-il en sc\u00e8ne - qu'a-t-il fait auparavant - q...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Panorama de la philosophie grecque<\/a><\/div>
...les grandes lignes de la philosophie grecque - la philosophie \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque o\u00f9 appara\u00eet le christianisme - la philosophie est apparue en Gr\u00e8ce \u00e0 la fin de la p\u00e9riode dite archa\u00efque, vers les 7e-6e - une tradition issue d'un disciple de Platon impute l'invention des termes philosophe \u00e0 Pythagore, qui a v\u00e9cu au 6e si\u00e8cle - un philosophe est un homme qui recherche la sagesse - i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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D\u00e9couvrir la science politique<\/div>
L'analyse s\u00e9quentielle des politiques publiques<\/a><\/div>
...la distinction entre la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e et la sph\u00e8re publique - certaines questions apparaissent comme relever purement de la sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e - du choix personnel des individus - le fait de fumer ou de ne pas fumer - rel\u00e8ve a priori d'une d\u00e9cision purement personnelle - mais le fait de fumer est devenu un probl\u00e8me public - \u00e0 partir du moment des associations se sont so...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Calvin: Histoire et r\u00e9ception d'une R\u00e9forme<\/div>
Le concept de la double pr\u00e9destination de Calvin<\/a><\/div>
...Calvin est principalement le th\u00e9ologien de - 1. la pr\u00e9destination - 2. la double pr\u00e9destination - ce serait la th\u00e9matique centrale dans sa pens\u00e9e - Alexander Schweizer - Ferdinand Christian Baur- la doctrine de la pr\u00e9destination - se trouve dans le troisi\u00e8me livre de l'Institution - presque \u00e0 la toute fin de ce troisi\u00e8me livre - dans les chapitres 21 \u00e0 24 - mais ce n...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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L'avenir de la d\u00e9cision : conna\u00eetre et agir en complexit\u00e9<\/div>
La complexit\u00e9 au quotidien<\/a><\/div>
...la complexit\u00e9 est partie prenante dans nos vies quotidiennes - personnelles - professionnelles - nous avons des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 sortir de syst\u00e8mes de pens\u00e9e binaire - \u00e0 envisager les incertitudes de notre quotidien pour aborder - nos actions - nos d\u00e9cisions - le mot de complexit\u00e9 - un peu ambigu - la langue commune - s'oppose au simple - un niveau de difficult\u00e9 ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
La critique philosophique du christianisme<\/a><\/div>
...la critique philosophique du christianisme - les Actes des ap\u00f4tres, au chapitre 17 - Paul, de passage \u00e0 Ath\u00e8nes, est interpell\u00e9 par des philosophes sto\u00efciens et \u00e9picuriens qui lui demandent de justifier les id\u00e9es qu'il professe - c'est la premi\u00e8re fois dans la litt\u00e9rature la mise en sc\u00e8ne d'une confrontation entre le chr\u00e9tien et les philosophes- quatre philosophes composaient de...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
La question \u00e9thique comme d'une r\u00e9volte devant l'injustice<\/a><\/div>
...Paul Ricoeur (1913-2005) - la question \u00e9thique ne na\u00eet pas d'autre chose que d'une r\u00e9volte devant l'injustice - comme enfant les premiers sentiments moraux que nous avons eus - des r\u00e9voltes devant l'injustice - un partage in\u00e9gal - une punition injuste - une distribution d'un bien qui aurait d\u00fb revenir \u00e0 quelqu'un d'autre et qui ne lui revenait pas - de ces premiers ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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\u00c0 la d\u00e9couverte du th\u00e9\u00e2tre classique fran\u00e7ais<\/div>
L'art de la parole po\u00e9tique<\/a><\/div>
...les textes en vers - ce n'est pas des vers simplement pour faire joli - c'est parce que le th\u00e9\u00e2tre est con\u00e7u comme une dimension particuli\u00e8re de la po\u00e9sie - il y a le sonnet, l'ode - les genres qui rel\u00e8vent strictement du domaine de la po\u00e9sie - la trag\u00e9die - l'\u00e9pop\u00e9e - les auteurs de th\u00e9\u00e2tre du XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cle ne se d\u00e9finissent jamais comme des dramaturges mais ils se...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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La Philanthropie : Comprendre et Agir<\/div>
Une br\u00e8ve histoire de la philanthropie en France<\/a><\/div>
...la philanthropie a une longue histoire - mais en lisant dans les journaux, on a l'impression que - le sujet est nouveau en France - la philanthropie est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne am\u00e9ricain ou anglo-saxon - ce manque de recul historique est un frein \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension du pr\u00e9sent et de l'avenir- les pratiques de dons, plus ou moins formelles, ont exist\u00e9 dans toutes les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines - ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Age of Cathedrals<\/div>
Notre Dame and the Wave of Cathedral Building<\/a><\/div>
...Paris of the 12th century was one of the great stopping places - the city had been settled by a Celtic tribe, the Parisii in the 3rd century BC - 52 BC Romans establish Gallo-Roman settlement \"Lutetia Parisorum\" - \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9 - where the Cathedral of Notre Dame built 10 centuries later- early history of Paris - 3rd century AD - France was Christianized - occupied by...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fake News, Facts, and Alternative Facts<\/div>
Seven Types of Inaccurate News<\/a><\/div>
...being able to produce a corpus of information that's accurate - which expresses what's out there in a reasonable way - is important to allow citizens to render an effective decision - when people have information that they encounter which isn't accurate - the results can end up making decisions that are sub-optimal - example - the fake news that Pope Francis endorsed Trump...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
1960s: The Silver Age of Comics<\/a><\/div>
...1955 end of the golden age of comics - the golden age of comic books came to an end - it was almost the end of the comic book itself - as a result of the book The Seduction of the Innocent, and the work of Dr. Fredric Wertham - many comic companies went out of business - comic book writers, editors and artists were denigrated in society - Superman television series - no o...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Classic Rock of the 1990s<\/a><\/div>
...the creation of rock history - classic rock was created in the 1980s as a radio format - one of the most important changes in the 1980s was the transfer of technologies from analog to digital - from cassette tapes and vinyl records to CD - starts to happen in 1982 - Sony and Phillips combined forces to develop and standardize CD technology - CDs were advertised as high qua...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
Enkidu Introduced to Culture Via Shamhat<\/a><\/div>
...what are the problems of a ruler who is going off the rails like Gilgamesh? - he's starting how sleeping with women on their wedding nights - overtaxing the population - he's making young men work to build his great wall around his city - abusing his own population - Sumerian kings are usually wonderful - never do anything wrong - the king has a council of infinitely wise ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Arguments du 3\u00e8me si\u00e8cle contre le christianisme<\/a><\/div>
...les arguments contre les chr\u00e9tiens sont de trois ordres - 1. concernent la doctrine chr\u00e9tienne - 2. le texte biblique et l'interpr\u00e9tation que les chr\u00e9tiens lui donnent - 3. contre J\u00e9sus et ses disciples- critiques majeures au christianisme qui concernent la doctrine chr\u00e9tienne - ils lui reprochent d'abord d'\u00eatre une innovation, qui serait venue bouleverser les traditions des ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Jesus in Scripture and Tradition<\/div>
Rembrandt's Depictions of the Trial of Jesus<\/a><\/div>
...the chosen are the ones most responsible for Christ's death is demonstrated in - the liturgy of the Church - artistic representation - Rembrandt's two depictions of the trial of Jesus - first image - depicts the presentation of Jesus to the crowd - uses details of contemporary buildings in Amsterdam - viewers from that time would have recognized that the buildin...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
20th Century Questioning of Reason<\/a><\/div>
...protest movements - the right to be included in public life - the right to be included in the interdependent system of economies - suffragettes argued that they deserved these rights because they were reasonable creatures as well - people began to wonder about this faith in the ability of people to reason - could rationality from the 18th century characterize the nature of the mo...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Russian History: from Lenin to Putin<\/div>
Russian History in Context<\/a><\/div>
...why study history - those who do not study history are compelled to repeat it - but this sentence makes very little sense, in fact, it doesn't work like that - it's good for the historians and advertisements, but beyond that, it has very little value - the reason is that history does not, in fact, repeat itself - life is complicated - every historical event is complicated...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Mozi's Anti-Confucian Chapters<\/a><\/div>
...Mozi is a materialist, state consequentialist - measuring material profit and benefit (\"li\") - wants to maximize the - wealth - population - order of the state - characteristics which can be measured - in the Warring States, population is power - you can measure ideas and processes with these three criteria - Mozi believes there are many things going on in the...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Henri Rousseau's The Sleeping Gypsy<\/a><\/div>
...The Sleeping Gypsy (1897) - a mysterious work - has similar themes with The Dream - a recumbent female figure occupies the focal point - part of an exotic landscape - exists in harmony with the animal world - the full moon rises high in the sky - in both paintings there is a dark-skinned musician - differences - gypsy - a wanderer - carries a staff -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Late 19th Century Anxieties of Race<\/a><\/div>
...the shrinking of the world more intervisible - including the intervisibiliy of races with each other - many people suggested that the problems of the world came from the fact that there were so many races - others insisted that it was racists who were the problem, since they held these irrational beliefs - i.e. those who didn't subscribe to 18th century philosophical beliefs...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Humbaba and the Country<\/a><\/div>
...Gilgamesh and Enkidu have become friends - go out of the city to slay the monster Humbaba - Humbab is inhabiting and protecting a wild forest - they leave the city to raid the countryside, cut down the forest and slay the monster - particularly in the ancient Near East, the environment is an extremely pervasive factor - the city needs the countryside - the cities are larg...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1990s Jam Bands and Britpop<\/a><\/div>
...musicians who are embracing older styles and making them their own and updating them - Jam Bands - going back to - The Grateful Dead - The Almond Brothers - long improvisations - all about the live performance itself - any particular recording is just a snapshot - you have to be there to be a part of what is going on - HORDE 1992 - Horizons of Rock Developin...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Science of Exercise<\/div>
Principles in Exercise Physiology<\/a><\/div>
...underlying principles in the field of exercise science - provides the foundations that your body must make in response to the physical stress incurred during a single bout of exercise - 1. Homeostasis - the tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment for cells by narrowly regulating critical variables - pH (acid\/base balance) - oxygen tension - blood gl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Science of Religion<\/div>
The Landscape of Religious Belief and Practice<\/a><\/div>
...how do you define a religion? - the folk idea of religion is that it has to do with supernatural beings - other people define it as having to do with the sacred - other people think religion has more to do with practice and we want to define it in terms of rituals and communities, i.e. what people do together and what rituals they practice is important - one of the advantages of the c...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fake News, Facts, and Alternative Facts<\/div>
How News Has Changed<\/a><\/div>
...there's been a shift over the journalism industry over the last 35 years - how we consume our news - how reporters do their jobs - the rise of digital technology- news is still in demand - the news model is not broken but the business model is - the advertising that would support three or four hundred staffers in a news room is gone - it's gone to the web - in fact, it's n...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The First World War<\/a><\/div>
...August 1914 - didn't destroy a world that was at its apex of civilization, but rather an arrangement that was already - in trouble - beset by anxieties - plagued by rivalries between regimes - plunged into the first truly global war in a century - since the Napoleonic Wars into Russia and Egypt - war went global for one fundamental reason - 1. it was a war between gl...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Rise of Superheroes and Their Impact On Pop Culture<\/div>
The Bronze Age of Comics and the Genre of Relevancy<\/a><\/div>
...late 60s, early 70s - a time of social change - a youth movement, spawned the hippy generation - demonstrations against war in Vietnam - issues of civil rights - issues of womens' liberation - led to strive between a younger generation and a generation of authority - comic sales on the down swing - comic book companies asked themselves how they could stay relevant to this gen...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Jusepe de Ribera (1591-1652)<\/a><\/div>
...la influencia de Caravaggio fue tan grande, que surgi\u00f3 un estilo internacional basado en sus obras y que se asocia con su nombre,\u00a0el \"caravaggismo\" - lo practicaron artistas en\u00a0Italia, en Espa\u00f1a, en Francia, en\u00a0los\u00a0Pa\u00edses\u00a0Bajos y en la actual B\u00e9lgica - la necesidad que se ven\u00eda sintiendo en el continente de que apareciese una nueva forma de pintar, se vio satisfecha por las novedades que pr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introducci\u00f3n a la gen\u00e9tica y la evoluci\u00f3n<\/div>
Somos c\u00e9lulas interconectadas<\/a><\/div>
...todos los seres vivos estamos formados de c\u00e9lulas - las bacterias - los hongos - las plantas - los animales- todos somos un conjunto coordinado de c\u00e9lulas - recordar lo que realmente somos - nos recuerda lo que nos parecemos entre si todos los seres vivos: todos estamos hechos de lo mismo - cualquier ser vivo que hayas visto en un documental sea un abeto, un perrillo la...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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The Science of Religion<\/div>
Building-Block Cognitive Analysis: The Road to Emmaus and Haunted House Stories<\/a><\/div>
...the building block approach to religion - break a story down into its blocks and components - one finds stories with some blocks added or removed, and it changes the story - the concepts of religion, magic and superstition are unstable - other cultures don't necessarily have a concept that translates directly into what we generally think of as religion - to approach religion scie...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Escribir para Convencer<\/div>
Las diferencias entre argumentaci\u00f3n, opini\u00f3n y persuasi\u00f3n<\/a><\/div>
...el objetivo de la argumentaci\u00f3n - escribir una carta en la que solicites un aumento de salario - hagas un reclamo - en todos estos textos tenemos en com\u00fan el prop\u00f3sito de persuadir al interlocutor para que asuma como v\u00e1lido nuestro punto de vista y se adhiera a \u00e9l - en estas situaciones, el impacto que podemos tener en los otros depende directamente de nuestras competencias de argum...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
Female Singer-Songwriters of the 1990s<\/a><\/div>
...1990s important for female singer-songwriters - develops in the 1960s - Dylan - Beatles - Paul McCartney - Elton John - Paul Simon - characteristics - sincerity - about your experiences - the singers are talking directly to you - the instruments shouldn't get in the way - usually an acoustic guitar or piano - there's an organic element to the commu...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The End of WWI and the Attempt at Global Peace<\/a><\/div>
...after WWI ended, the nations were faced with the task of rebuilding the core at the center of the world system - tried to patch up the differences they had - some envisioned a world that would put an end to the conflicts that had given rise to the First World War - an idea put forth as the war ground down: this should be a war to end all wars - this was the spirit, albeit not wel...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
The Rise of Teen Idols in the 1990s<\/a><\/div>
...some of the things we see happening in the 90s remind us of things that have happened before in the history of rock music - idols that specifically appeal to a teen audience, especially teen girls - Boyz II Men - from Philadelphia - signed to the Motown label - Michael Jackson had left Motown - revitalized Motown - returned to earlier styles of music - early do...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Restaging the Nude: Matisse's Dance<\/a><\/div>
...The Dance (1909) - one of Matisse's most celebrated and controversial paintings - a daring foray into avant garde experiment - challenged the principles upon with academic painting was based - emerged from Matisse's informal academy established in 1908 - invited students to experiment - to push the potential of line and color into uncharted territory - he evacuated his b...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Egiptolog\u00eda<\/div>
Los Textos de las Pir\u00e1mides<\/a><\/div>
...el interior de las pir\u00e1mides de los reyes de la tercera dinast\u00eda de la cuarta dinast\u00eda y de casi toda la quinta dinast\u00eda carece por completo de textos- \"Textos de las pir\u00e1mides\" - las c\u00e1maras y los corredores de las pir\u00e1mides de los siguientes faraones se llenan de textos funerarios que conocemos con el nombre de \"Textos de las pir\u00e1mides\" - Unis, del \u00faltimo rey de la quinta dinast\u00eda ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Masterpieces of World Literature<\/div>
Gilgamesh and the Story of the Flood<\/a><\/div>
...the flood story called attention to the Epic of Gilgamesh - the flood story was known from the Bible - the role the flood story plays in Gilgamesh - comes late in the story - feels like an interpolated tale, like a story within a story - it's not the centerpiece of the drama of Gilgamesh and Enkidu - there is an ancient tradition in the Near East of stories within stories...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction aux \u00e9thiques philosophiques<\/div>
La th\u00e9orie de la justice de John Rawls<\/a><\/div>
...John Rawls (1921-2002) - il est dans cet h\u00e9ritage de - la pens\u00e9e de Kant - la pens\u00e9e d\u00e9ontologique - de la pens\u00e9e lib\u00e9rale - met l'accent sur la libert\u00e9 - est l'auteur d'un livre Une th\u00e9orie de la justice (1974) - a fait beaucoup de bruit - a continu\u00e9 pendant toute la fin du XXe si\u00e8cle \u00e0 influencer les politiques des \u00c9tats lib\u00e9raux - le voile d'ignorance -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919<\/a><\/div>
...leaders of the world discussed world peace in Versailles - one of the coldest winters in recorded history - millions of people froze to death - in 1918 and 1919 the real killer was disease - pathogens shaped world history - germs and viruses don't respect national, ethnic and class barriers - left 100 million people dead - this plague was more devastating than the war it...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Cezanne\u2019s Bather: Masculinity and Movement<\/a><\/div>
...Paul Cezanne's The Bather (1885) - one of Cezanne's most arresting paintings - subtle tones of grey, blue and green - one of the hundreds of paintings Cezanne made around the subject of bathers and bathing - painted bathers throughout his career - more than 30 years - many have written on his remarkable obsession with the theme - the eroticism of Cezanne's bathers - h...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Postwar Abstract Painting<\/div>
Barnett Newman's Vir Heroicus Sublimis (1950)<\/a><\/div>
...title is Latin for heroic and sublime man- Museum of Modern Art, New York City- Barnett Newman (1905-1970) - wrote about what an author and theorist could do in the postwar era - what an artist should do with abstraction is to plumb the void - to try to get somewhere in terms of perception and experience, both that of the painter and the viewer that was not possible before -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Guido Reni (1575-1642)<\/a><\/div>
...Guido Reni\u00a0naci\u00f3 en 1575 - forma parte de la primera generaci\u00f3n de pintores que desarrollaron gran parte de su carrera en el siglo XVII - se form\u00f3 en\u00a0Bolonia - trabaj\u00f3 all\u00ed durante la mayor parte de su carrera - tambi\u00e9n pint\u00f3 en\u00a0Roma durante varios a\u00f1os - fue llamado a N\u00e1poles para pintar en la catedral de la ciudad - pero las amenazas de un pintor local le hicieron huir...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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History of Rock, 1970-Present<\/div>
1990s Dance Music<\/a><\/div>
...disco at end of 1970s - the disco sucks movement - rock and rollers hated disco - it threatened many of the aspects of the hippy aesthetic - radio stations were changing formats - 1980s - the fad for disco gets absorbed in many ways - the idea of dancing music in a club - master-minded by a DJ doesn't go away - it's off the mainstream, not a style - continues ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Fake News, Facts, and Alternative Facts<\/div>
Accuracy in the Digital Era<\/a><\/div>
...editors play an important role in how news gets created - many of the other forms of news online and on television today, don't have the same level of editorial norms - e.g. on a blog or a non-traditional news site - might be based on a similar editorial process - but it very well may also simply be written by an unprofessional someone who simply has some particular opinion and want...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
The Wilson-Lenin Moment<\/a><\/div>
...in 1918, Woodrow Wilson arrived in France to help put together a peace that would put an end to all wars - worried whether the Russian Revolution could spread - the victors discussed this peace in the shadow of disease and economic troubles - personal tragedy behind the scenes - Woodrow Wilson's daughter Margaret had gotten the influenza - came close to dying in a hospital i...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Max Dupain (1911-1992): Australian Men on the Beach<\/a><\/div>
...in Dupain's photographs of bathers, he shares interests with Cezanne's Bather - for his painting The Bather, Cezanne used photographs to explore how a body moves through space - it's a study of the placement of the body and its placement in the natural world - both returned often to the bather as the subject of their art - 1937 The Sunbaker - an athletic man lying on the beach...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1919 Self-Determination Movements in India<\/a><\/div>
...in retrospect, we know that the powers being imagined in 1919 were doomed to failure - we have to resist the temptations to engage in the retrospective fallacy - to read history backward as if people should have known at the time that what they imagined as doomed - Wilson was an optimist - lessons could be learned from the First World War - many warned that the peace was unsusta...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Russian History: from Lenin to Putin<\/div>
Abolition of Serfdom in Russia<\/a><\/div>
...the character of the Russian state from its establishment to the pre-revolutionary time - the great dividing line is 1861 - the liberation of the serfs - how did serfdom develop and what were the consequences of serfdom - serfdom is the essential social fact of Russian history - which has significance very much going into Soviet times - serfdom developed relatively late...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
El ideal cl\u00e1sico: Nicolas Poussin y Claudio de Lorena<\/a><\/div>
...en el siglo XVII Roma era la capital del arte europeo - muchos pintores viajaron a esa ciudad y algunos permanecieron all\u00ed de por vida - Nicolas Poussin y Claudio de Lorena - ambos forman parte de la larga tradici\u00f3n de artistas que se dedicaron a pintar im\u00e1genes idealizadas del mundo cl\u00e1sico - Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) - naci\u00f3 en 1594 en Les Andelys, Normand\u00eda, France -...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Pensamiento Cient\u00edfico<\/div>
Verdad y contexto<\/a><\/div>
...imaginemos una esfera que es mitad blanca y mitad negra - pero s\u00f3lo podemos observarla desde una perspectiva - entonces de hecho no percibimos una esfera si no un c\u00edrculo - si tratamos de averiguar de qu\u00e9 color es ese c\u00edrculo - pues la respuesta depender\u00e1 desde la perspectiva desde la cual estemos observando - algunos dir\u00e1n que es negro, algunos dir\u00e1n que es blanco, otros mit...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Post-WWI European Peace and Global Colonial Upheaval<\/a><\/div>
...what to do the former provinces of the former Ottoman Empire which included Palestine - one solution was to create states - in Palestine - to create a home for the Jews - for a return to the Holy Law - the Balfour Declaration - promised to create a home for the Jewish people - local incumbent populations of Arabs were upset - both Christian and Moslem Arabs...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Descubriendo la pintura europea de 1400 a 1800<\/div>
Pedro Pablo Rubens (1577-1640)<\/a><\/div>
...Rubens es heredero de Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), de Miguel \u00c1ngel (1475-1564), de Rafael (1483-1520) y de Tiziano (1488-1576) - como ellos, trabaj\u00f3 para los mecenas m\u00e1s importantes de su tiempo - pint\u00f3 todo tipo de temas y fue tambi\u00e9n un extraordinario dibujante - Rubens pint\u00f3 much\u00edsimo: a\u00fan conservamos m\u00e1s de 1500 cuadros suyos - a menudo trabaj\u00f3 a gran escala - cont\u00f3 con la...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Mozi's Religious Fundamentalism and Organized Activism<\/a><\/div>
...Mozi (470-391 BCE) as a fundamentalist and activist - two chapters: \"On Ghosts\" and \"Heaven's Will\" - understand these chapters on the background of two trends of the growing elite as the Warring States period moves on - agnosticism - becoming unclear if ghosts and spirits exist - Mozi wants to revive this - that ghosts and spirits are alive and active agents on the Eart...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1929 Economic Collapse<\/a><\/div>
...the Treaty of Versailles produced an unstable Europe - a goal of it was the rebuilding of a global economy - but many focused on establishing the economic world as it had existed before the war - the idea was that restoring the Victorian boom was a condition for the political peace - people looking for new coordinates began to be nostalgic for the old world - it was the cr...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Les attaques contre la Bible et ses ex\u00e9g\u00e8ses<\/a><\/div>
...trois types d'arguments utilis\u00e9s par les philosophes contre les chr\u00e9tiens, les deux premiers sont: - 1. les attaques contre la doctrine - 2. concernent le texte biblique et l'ex\u00e9g\u00e8se des chr\u00e9tiens - c'est-\u00e0-dire la fa\u00e7on dont ils l'interpr\u00e8tent - il est difficile de savoir comment les philosophes ont eu acc\u00e8s au texte biblique - il faut exclure l'hypoth\u00e8se qu'ils auraient lu l...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Russian History: from Lenin to Putin<\/div>
The Industrial Revolution and the Failure of the Russian Ruling Class<\/a><\/div>
...industrialization in the last decades of the 19th century as remarkably successful - Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance 1889-1891 - argued that Russia needed to industrialize to remain a great power - have to be able to have a great army - moving armies around - conservative modernization - wanted a positive balance of trade - was able to put Russia on the gold standa...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A la recherche du Grand Paris<\/div>
\u00c0 la recherche du grand Paris<\/a><\/div>
...comment a \u00e9volu\u00e9 Paris depuis de 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle - il faut revenir sur ce qui se passe au milieu du XIXe si\u00e8cle - Paris est une - petite ville - tr\u00e8s dense - enserr\u00e9e dans une barri\u00e8re - une barri\u00e8re d'octroi - l'octroi, c'est une douane - douzaine d'arrondissements - les premiers arrondissements centraux - au-del\u00e0 de cette petite ville tr\u00e8s dense, on va...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Les critiques contre J\u00e9sus, les \u00e9vang\u00e9listes, les chr\u00e9tiens<\/a><\/div>
...les arguments utilis\u00e9s par les philosophes contre les chr\u00e9tiens- les critiques des philosophes concernent - la personne de J\u00e9sus - les \u00e9vang\u00e9listes - les chr\u00e9tiens en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral- Celse (IIe si\u00e8cle) - un philosophe romain \u00e9crivant en langue grecque, est l'auteur d'un ouvrage analytique et articul\u00e9, Discours v\u00e9ritable (\u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c2), r\u00e9dig\u00e9 vers 178 - il s'agissait d'un ouvrage o\u00f9 ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Frida Kahlo's Fulang-Chang and I<\/a><\/div>
...Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) - two portraits - 1. self portrait of cropped hair of 1940 - 2. Fulang-Chang and I of 1937 - aspects of femininity - Mexican artist - married to the famous muralist Diego Rivera - 140 works in which 55 were self-portraits - \"I paint myself because I am often alone and I am the subject that I know best\" - had a serious bus accident as a you...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Language Crisis in the Warring States Period<\/a><\/div>
...Warring States literature - Early Warring States - Analects - Tao Te Ching - the core part of Mohism (Mozi) - Late Warring States - concerned with language and how it relates to what we can know- two innovations that separate the early and late warring states literature - the language crisis - people are getting concerned about how words relate to reality - phil...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Frida Kahlo: Self Portrait with Cropped Hair<\/a><\/div>
...retablo is a form of popular folk art in Mexico - painted in a small format on tin - highly decorative but also strangely unsettling to the viewer - they present ironic commentary on life's contradictions- PAINTING: Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair 1940 - we see Kahlo dressed in one of Diego's suits - she has herself represented in the process of cutting off her hair - sh...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Paleontology: Early Vertebrate Evolution<\/div>
Diversity of Early Vertebrate Life<\/a><\/div>
...as paleontologists look back into the past, the further they look, the blurrier and smaller the view finder becomes - with living animals we can observe them directly - with animals from the Paleozoic Era (542-250 Ma, fish) or Mesozoic Era (250-65 Ma, dinosaurs) we observe them through fossils - becoming a fossil was like striking the lottery - as some soft Paleozoic life form, th...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
Changes in Capitalism between the Wars<\/a><\/div>
...the First World War brought the competing imperial systems, tension, and disequilibrium to a head- the peace of 1918\/19 didn't create a durable peace as its architects sought out - the tension would persist until well into 1945 - 1914-1945 - a Thirty Years War with pauses and truces throughout - especially when you look at Asia during this period, war was much more common than...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction \u00e0 la philosophie de Friedrich Nietzsche<\/div>
La vie de Nietzsche jusqu'\u00e0 B\u00e2le<\/a><\/div>
...Friedrich Nietzsche est n\u00e9 le 15 octobre 1844 \u00e0 R\u00f6cken une petite ville d'Allemagne, situ\u00e9e pr\u00e8s de Leipzig - l'Allemagne d'alors est un Etat encore en formation - le Saint Empire romain germanique, constitu\u00e9 d'une multitude d'Etats, a \u00e9t\u00e9 dissous en 1806, pendant les guerres napol\u00e9oniennes - l'Allemagne va \u00eatre unifi\u00e9e en 1871, sous l'\u00e9gide de Bismarck et de la Prusse\u2013 ces \u00e9v\u00e9nem...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Yang Zhu and Mid-Warring States' Focus on the Body<\/a><\/div>
...the physiological turn - Yang Chu (440\u2013360 BCE) [yahng JEW] - the discovery of the body - the body becomes a philosophical topic - we don't know much about him - we've lost his writings - rivals referred to his teachings as egoism - the teaching of being for yourself only - an individualist primativist - not happy with society - wants to drop out of soc...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Myth and Sexuality: Glyn Philpot's Oedipus<\/a><\/div>
...Glyn Philpot (1884-1937) - made a name for himself in Great Britain in 1910s and 1920s - fasionable society portrait painter - as art student became fascinated with painting by Italian Renaissance painters - Titian (1488-1576) - Paolo Veronese (1538-1588) - Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506) - Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) - depth of contstruction and subtle pa...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction \u00e0 la philosophie de Friedrich Nietzsche<\/div>
Les ann\u00e9es b\u00e2loises : 1869-1879<\/a><\/div>
...a la mi-avril 1869 - Nietzsche commence son voyage en direction de B\u00e2le - il passe en bateau sur le Rhin - il s'arr\u00eate \u00e0 Karlsruhe - il assiste \u00e0 une repr\u00e9sentation des Ma\u00eetres chanteurs - il fait une halte \u00e0 Heidelberg - il r\u00e9dige sa conf\u00e9rence inaugurale, intitul\u00e9e : \u00ab Hom\u00e8re et la philologie classique \u00bb - la conf\u00e9rence inaugurale est la conf\u00e9rence o\u00f9 tout nouveau profe...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Christianisme et philosophie dans l'Antiquit\u00e9<\/div>
Les r\u00e9ponses des chr\u00e9tiens : l\u2019apolog\u00e9tique<\/a><\/div>
...les r\u00e9ponses apport\u00e9es par les chr\u00e9tiens - les attaques des philosophes ont oblig\u00e9 les chr\u00e9tiens \u00e0 se situer sur le m\u00eame terrain qu'eux - \u00e0 apporter des justifications rationnelles de leur foi - l'ensemble de ces r\u00e9ponses chr\u00e9tiennes, a \u00e9t\u00e9 paradoxalement, pour cette raison, un facteur de rapprochement important entre christianisme et philosophie- l\u2019apolog\u00e9tique - ce genre litt\u00e9...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Sexing the Canvas: Art and Gender<\/div>
Australian Indigenous Visual Culture<\/a><\/div>
...contemporary indigenous art - gathering momentum in Australia from the 1970s onwards - indigenous visual culture is the longest continuous art form on the planet - 50,000 years - prior to contact by Europeans, its locus was - primary ceremony - largely ephemeral - 1971 - following the work of bark painters and sculptors in Arnhem land in the Tiwi Islands - la...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Introduction \u00e0 la philosophie de Friedrich Nietzsche<\/div>
Pourquoi un peuple si joyeux a-t-il invent\u00e9 la trag\u00e9die ?<\/a><\/div>
...la Naissance de la trag\u00e9die se compose de 3 parties - la premi\u00e8re partie - Nietzsche d\u00e9veloppe son hypoth\u00e8se sur l'origine de la trag\u00e9die - la seconde partie - il expose ses id\u00e9es sur le d\u00e9clin du genre tragique - la troisi\u00e8me partie - il fait le parall\u00e8le entre la trag\u00e9die grecque et le drame musical de Wagner - exprime ses espoirs d'un renouveau de la culture allema...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
The Guodian School of Confucianism<\/a><\/div>
...after the physiological turn in Confucianism - Mencius [MEN-shus], also Mengzi - 372\u2013289 BC - often been described as the \"second sage\", that is, after only Confucius himself - inherited Confucius' ideology and developed it further - spent much of his life travelling around the states offering counsel to different rulers - conversations with these rulers form the basis of t...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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Chinese Thought: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science<\/div>
Qi and Self-Cultivation<\/a><\/div>
...Neiye - \"The Inward Training\" - part of a larger text, one chapter of the Guanzi, a Daoist text (a mixed text) - 4th century BCE - created by a think-tank type group in the state of Qi [chee], 260 BCE - thinkers and intellectuals - the physiological turn is impacting philosophy - a new, technical sense of the heart-mind, or xin [shee-in] - the seat of cognition - doesn't ...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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A History of the World since 1300<\/div>
1918-1945 Rethinking Economies<\/a><\/div>
...in World War I, on the battlefield, the resources of empires hemorrhages in the form of the human toll - the peace of 1918\/1918 didn't create a durable peace - the tension would persist until well into 1945 - 1914-1945, a thirty-years war - war was much more common in the world than peace - brought the old empirical systems to a head and with a human toll that we have never seen and...<\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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George Stephenson<\/span> (1781-1848)<\/span><\/div>
English civil engineer who created steam locomotive<\/div>
  • 1830: opened Liverpool and Manchester Railway<\/li>
  • \"Father of the Railways\"<\/li>
  • Victorians considered him a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement<\/li>
  • rail gauge of 4 feet 8.5 inches is called the \"Stephenson gauge\" and is the world's standard gauge<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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    Fritz Haber<\/span> (1868-1934)<\/span><\/div>
    German-Jewish chemist who developed method for synthesizing ammonia<\/div>
    • won 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry<\/li>
    • enabled Germans to create explosives during WWI since there was a lack of saltpeter to create explosives, and if it wasn't for his discovery, Germany would have been forced to surrender long before 1918<\/li>
    • food production for half the world's current population depends on this method for producing fertilizer<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
      \n<\/td>\n
      William James<\/span> (1842-1910)<\/span><\/div>
      Father of American psychology<\/div>
      • founder of functional psychology with Peirce and Dewey<\/li>
      • influenced Husserl<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
        \n<\/td>\n
        Dmitri Mendeleev<\/span> (1834-1907)<\/span><\/div>
        Chimico russo che inventore della tavola periodica degli elementi<\/div>
        • 1850 ha lavorato a st. pietroburgo<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
          \n<\/td>\n
          Apollodorus<\/span> (70-120 AD)<\/span><\/div>
          Greek architect in Rome, designed Trajan's Forum and Column<\/div>
          • from Damascus, Roman Syria<\/li>
          • favorite of Trajan<\/li>
          • also engineer, designer and sculptor<\/li>
          • on the accession of Hadrian, whom he had offended by ridiculing his performances as architect and artist, Apollodorus was banished and, shortly afterwards, being charged with imaginary crimes, put to death<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
            \n<\/td>\n
            James Clerk Maxwell<\/span> (1831-1879)<\/span><\/div>
            Elabor\u00f2 la prima teoria moderna dell'elettromagnetismo<\/div>
            • matematico e fisico scozzese<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
              \n<\/td>\n
              Pythagoras<\/span> (570-495 BC)<\/span><\/div>
              Greek mathematician, known for the Pythagorean theorem<\/div>
              • philosopher and founder of the religious movement Pythagoreanism<\/li>
              • first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom<\/li>
              • Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                \n<\/td>\n
                Tacitus<\/span> (56-117 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                Senator and a historian of the Roman Empire<\/div>
                • two major works: \"Annals\" and \"Histories\" examine the reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, and the Year of the Four Emperors<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                  \n<\/td>\n
                  Richard Meier<\/span> (1934-)<\/span><\/div>
                  American architect who built Meier Museum in Rome<\/div>
                  • 1957: Bachelor of Architecture degree from Cornell University<\/li>
                  • after graduation, he traveled to Israel, Greece, Germany, France, Denmark, Finland and Italy, among other places, to network with architects<\/li>
                  • abstract artist and architect whose geometric designs make prominent use of the color white<\/li>
                  • Meier Museum in Rome, described as a \"modernist eyesore\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                    \n<\/td>\n
                    Polybius<\/span> (200-118 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                    Greek historian in Hellenistic Period who wrote \"The Histories\" which covered 264-146 BC in detail<\/div>
                    • describes the rise of the Roman Empire<\/li>
                    • he is is renowned for his ideas concerning the separation of powers in government, later used in Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and in drafting the United States Constitution<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                      \n<\/td>\n
                      Titus Flavius Josephus<\/span> (37-100 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                      A first-century Romano-Jewish scholar and historian<\/div>
                      • born in Jerusalem, then part of Roman Judea<\/li>
                      • known as Josephus<\/li>
                      • initially fought against the Romans during the First Jewish\u2013Roman War as head of Jewish forces in Galilee<\/li>
                      • Josephus claims the Jewish Messianic prophecies that initiated the First Roman-Jewish War made reference to Vespasian becoming Emperor of Rome. In response Vespasian decided to keep Josephus as a hostage and interpreter.<\/li>
                      • After Vespasian did become Emperor in 69, he granted Josephus his freedom, at which time Josephus assumed the emperor's family name of Flavius.<\/li>
                      • Flavius Josephus fully defected to the Roman side and was granted Roman citizenship.<\/li>
                      • became an adviser and friend of Vespasian's son Titus, serving as his translator when Titus led the Siege of Jerusalem<\/li>
                      • Josephus recorded Jewish history which provided valuable insight into first century Judaism and the background of Early Christianity<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                        \n<\/td>\n
                        Vespasian<\/span> (9-79 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                        Founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire from 69-96<\/div>
                        • dynasty included two sons Titus and Domitian<\/li>
                        • from an equestrian family that rose into the senatorial rank under the Julio\u2013Claudian emperors<\/li>
                        • renown came from his military success: he led the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 and subjugated Judea during the Jewish rebellion of 66<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                          \n<\/td>\n
                          Brutus<\/span> (85-42 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                          Politician of the late Roman Republic who had leading role in the assassination of Julius Caesar<\/div>
                          • Brutus was persuaded into joining the conspiracy against Caesar by the other senators and decided to move against Caesar after Caesar's king-like behavior prompted him to take action<\/li>
                          • although Cassius was the moving spirit in the plot against Caesar, Brutus became the leader<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                            \n<\/td>\n
                            Cleopatra<\/span> (69-30 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                            Last active pharaoh of Ancient Egypt and lover of both Caesar and Mark Anthony<\/div>
                            • a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Greek origin that ruled Ptolemaic Egypt after Alexander the Great's death<\/li>
                            • spoke Greek, refused to speak Egyptian<\/li>
                            • one reason why Greek was used on the Rosetta Stone<\/li>
                            • Cleopatra did speak Egyptian, represented herself as the reincarnation of an Egyptian goddess, Isis<\/li>
                            • after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony, had twins with him<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                              \n<\/td>\n
                              Mark Antony<\/span> (83-30 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                              Roman politician and general and member of the Second Triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus<\/div>
                              • important supporter and loyal friend of his mother's cousin Julius Caesar<\/li>
                              • after Caesar's assassination, Antony formed an official political alliance with Octavian and Lepidus<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                \n<\/td>\n
                                Julius Caesar<\/span> (100-44 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                Roman general, statesman, Consul, and author of Latin prose who played critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic<\/div>
                                • played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                  Marcus Crassus<\/span> (115-53 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                  Roman general and politician, wealthiest man in Roman history<\/div>
                                  • played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire<\/li>
                                  • one of the richest men in all history<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                    Pompey the Great<\/span> (106-48 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                    Military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, member of First Triumvirate with Crassus and Caesar<\/div>
                                    • his immense success as a general while still very young enabled him to advance directly to his first consulship without meeting the normal requirements for office<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                      Trajan<\/span> (53-117 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                      Roman emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history<\/div>
                                      • ruled from 98 AD to his death 117<\/li>
                                      • second of the Five Good Emperors<\/li>
                                      • declared by senate as \"best ruler\"<\/li>
                                      • successful soldier-emperor<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                        Suetonius<\/span> (69-122 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                        Roman historian who wrote a set of biographies about twelve successive Roman rulers<\/div>
                                        • his work was called \"De Vita Caesarum\" and covered the rulers from Julius Caesar to Domitian<\/li>
                                        • belonged to the equestrian order<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                          Linus Pauling<\/span> (1901-1994)<\/span><\/div>
                                          American biochemist who received the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize<\/div>
                                          • one of the most influential chemists in history and ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century<\/li>
                                          • one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology<\/li>
                                          • 1926: awarded Guggenheim Fellowship to study under German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich, Danish physicist Niels Bohr in Copenhagen and Austrian physicist Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger in Z\u00fcrich, all three were experts in the new field of quantum mechanics<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                            Alexander the Great<\/span> (356-323 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                            Greek king of the ancient kingdom of Macedon who by the age of thirty created one of the largest empires of the ancient world<\/div>
                                            • full name: Alexander III of Macedon<\/li>
                                            • 334 BC: invaded the Achaemenid [ah-KEE-mah-nid] Empire (550-330BC)<\/li>
                                            • he was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                              James Russel Lowell<\/span> (1819-1891)<\/span><\/div>
                                              American Romantic poet who became involved in the movement to abolish slavery<\/div>
                                              • one of the Fireside Poets<\/li>
                                              • graduated from Harvard College in 1838<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                Akbar<\/span> (1542-1605)<\/span><\/div>
                                                Mughal Emperor from 1556 to 1605<\/div>
                                                • the third and greatest ruler of the Mughal Dynasty in India<\/li>
                                                • greatly expanded<\/li>
                                                • established a centralized system of administration<\/li>
                                                • adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                  Caligula<\/span> (12-41 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                  Roman emperor mostly known for his cruelty, sadism, extravagance, and intense sexual perversity, an insane tyrant<\/div>
                                                  • third in the Julio-Claudian dynasty (the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero)<\/li>
                                                  • unscathed by the deadly intrigues, he was sole male survivor in family (feud with Tiberius)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                    Antiochus IV<\/span> (215-164 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                    Greek king of the Seleucid Empire (312-63BC, Iran\/Levant\/Turkey)<\/div>
                                                    • near-conquest of Egypt<\/li>
                                                    • had been a political hostage of the Roman Republic<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                      Seleucus<\/span> (358-281 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                      Infantry general under Alexander the Great, was appointed Satrap of Babylon<\/div>
                                                      • from 312 BC, he ruthlessly expanded his dominions and eventually conquered the Persian and Median lands<\/li>
                                                      • he not only ruled Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's empire<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                        Herod the Great<\/span> (74-4 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                        Known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem<\/div>
                                                        • Roman client king of Judea, has been described as \"a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis\",<\/li>
                                                        • \"the evil genius of the Judean nation\"<\/li>
                                                        • \"prepared to commit any crime in order to gratify his unbounded ambition\"<\/li>
                                                        • \"the greatest builder in Jewish history\"<\/li>
                                                        • the Second Temple in Jerusalem was known as \"Herod's Temple\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                          Diocletian<\/span> (245-311 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                          Roman emperor whose reign stabilized the empire and marked the end of the Crisis of the Third Century<\/div>
                                                          • emperor from 284-305<\/li>
                                                          • rose through military ranks<\/li>
                                                          • his reforms fundamentally changed the structure of Roman imperial government and helped stabilize the empire economically and militarily, enabling the empire to remain essentially intact for another hundred years despite being near the brink of collapse in his youth<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                            Caracalla<\/span> (188-217 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                            Roman emperor whose reign was notable for the Constitutio Antoniniana granting Roman citizenship to all freemen throughout the Roman Empire<\/div>
                                                            • of Punic and Syrian descent who ruled from 198 to 217<\/li>
                                                            • eldest son of Septimius Severus<\/li>
                                                            • reigned jointly with his father from 198 until Severus' death in 211<\/li>
                                                            • commissioned a large public bath-house (thermae) in Rome<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                              Antinous<\/span> (111-130 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                              A Bithynian Greek youth and a favourite of the Roman emperor Hadrian<\/div>
                                                              • when Antinous died, the grief of the emperor Hadrian knew no bounds, causing the most extravagant veneration to be paid to Antinous' memory<\/li>
                                                              • cities were founded in his name<\/li>
                                                              • medals struck with his likeness<\/li>
                                                              • cities throughout the east commissioned godlike images of the dead youth for their shrines and sanctuaries<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                Harry Harlow<\/span> (1905-1981)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys<\/div>
                                                                • demonstrated the importance of care-giving and companionship in social and cognitive development<\/li>
                                                                • worked at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison<\/li>
                                                                • research in the 1950s<\/li>
                                                                • worked with Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs)<\/li>
                                                                • his experiments were controversial since they included rearing infant macaques in isolation chambers for up to 24 months<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                  George Marshall<\/span> (1880-1959)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                  Chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt famous for his leadership roles during World War II and after<\/div>
                                                                  • was Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense<\/li>
                                                                  • hailed as the \"organizer of victory\" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory<\/li>
                                                                  • Marshall's name was given to the Marshall Plan<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                    Maurice Merleau-Ponty<\/span> (1908-1961)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                    Ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologue fran\u00e7ais, fortement influenc\u00e9 par Edmund Husserl et Martin Heidegger<\/div>
                                                                    • la Ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie de la perception (1944), Merleau-Ponty a voulu montrer que la perception n'\u00e9tait pas la r\u00e9sultante d'atomes causaux de sensations<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                      Emmanuel L\u00e9vinas<\/span> (1906-1995)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                      Un philosophe fran\u00e7ais d'origine lituanienne<\/div>
                                                                      • l'un des premiers \u00e0 introduire en France la pens\u00e9e de Husserl et celle de Heidegger<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                        Jean Genet<\/span> (1910-1986)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                        Auteur fran\u00e7ais qui soutenu sur Sartre et duquel Sartre a \u00e9crit un livre<\/div>
                                                                        • il exalte la perversion, le mal, l'homosexualit\u00e9 et l'\u00e9rotisme, \u00e0 travers la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de personnages ambivalents au sein de mondes<\/li>
                                                                        • Sartre \u00e9crit une \u0153uvre sur lui (Saint Genet, com\u00e9dien et martyr), en faisant l'\u00ab exemplum \u00bb de sa philosophie existentialiste. Ce livre d\u00e9primera profond\u00e9ment Genet et l'emp\u00eachera d'\u00e9crire, selon ses propres dires8, pendant pr\u00e8s de dix ans tant sa \u00ab m\u00e9canique c\u00e9r\u00e9brale y \u00e9tait d\u00e9cortiqu\u00e9e \u00bb (Genet faisant ici allusion \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie des \u00ab tourniquets \u00bb d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Sartre \u00e0 son sujet).<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                          Mustafa Re\u015fid Pasha<\/span> (1800-1858)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                          Ottoman statesman and diplomat, known best as the chief architect behind the Ottoman government reforms known as Tanzimat<\/div>
                                                                          • born in Istanbul<\/li>
                                                                          • 1834: ambassador to France<\/li>
                                                                          • 1836: ambassador to the United Kingdom<\/li>
                                                                          • was Grand Vizier six times<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                            Alfred Thayer Mahan<\/span> (1840-1914)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                            United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and historian<\/div>
                                                                            • the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century<\/li>
                                                                            • his concept of sea power was based on the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact<\/li>
                                                                            • book: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History<\/li>
                                                                            • 1902: first used the term \"Middle East\" in an article<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                              Frantz Fanon<\/span> (1925-1961)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                              Un psychiatre et essayiste fran\u00e7ais martiniquais fortement impliqu\u00e9 dans la lutte pour l'ind\u00e9pendance de l'Alg\u00e9rie<\/div>
                                                                              • durant toute sa vie, il cherche \u00e0 analyser les cons\u00e9quences psychologiques de la colonisation \u00e0 la fois sur le colon et sur le colonis\u00e9<\/li>
                                                                              • Sartre a \u00e9crit une pr\u00e9face pour son livre \"les damn\u00e9s de la terre\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                George Martin<\/span> (1926-)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                English record producer who helped produce the Beatles first albums<\/div>
                                                                                • the \"Fifth Beatle\"<\/li>
                                                                                • considered one of the greatest record producers of all time, with 30 number one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number one hits in the United States<\/li>
                                                                                • head of EMI's Parlophone label<\/li>
                                                                                • Brian Epstein contacted him about Beatles<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                  Brian Epstein<\/span> (1934-1967)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                  English music entrepreneur, managed the Beatles until his death in 1967<\/div>
                                                                                  • discovered Beatles during lunchtime Cavern Club performance<\/li>
                                                                                  • secured meeting with George Martin, head of EMI's Parlophone label<\/li>
                                                                                  • often stepped in to mediate personal disputes among the group<\/li>
                                                                                  • Beatles had unquestioned loyalty to Epstein which led to them sometimes not reading contracts they signed<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                    Francisco Su\u00e1rez<\/span> (1548-1617)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                    Un philosophe et th\u00e9ologien j\u00e9suite espagnol, l'un des plus grands scolastiques apr\u00e8s Thomas d'Aquin<\/div>
                                                                                    • il \u00e9crivit abondamment, sur un grand nombre de sujets<\/li>
                                                                                    • pendant sa vie, il est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le plus grand philosophe et th\u00e9ologien de l'\u00e9poque<\/li>
                                                                                    • ses \u00e9crits d'exercer une influence consid\u00e9rable, notamment sur Descartes et Leibniz<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                      Harry Hopkins<\/span> (1890-1946)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                      Franklin Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor during WWII<\/div>
                                                                                      • in WWII was key policy maker in the $50 billion Lend-Lease program that sent aid to the Allies<\/li>
                                                                                      • one of the architects of the New Deal program<\/li>
                                                                                      • directed the WPA (Works Progress Administation) which became the largest employer in the country<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                        Huldrych Zwingli<\/span> (1484-1531)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                        Un r\u00e9formateur religieux suisse qui en 1523 parvient \u00e0 faire adopter la R\u00e9forme par le canton de Zurich<\/div>
                                                                                        • il \u00e9tait le principaux r\u00e9formateur en Suisse al\u00e9manique, tandis que Guillaume Farel et Jean Calvin sont les principaux r\u00e9formateurs en Suisse romande<\/li>
                                                                                        • en 1525 Felix Manz, Conrad Grebel, George Blaurock pensait que Zwingli n'\u00e9tait pas assez radicale, et ils ont form\u00e9 les Fr\u00e8res suisses, qui ont devenu les Mennonites<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                          Felix Manz<\/span> (1498-1527)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                          Le cofondateur des Fr\u00e8res suisses (qui ont devenu les Mennonites), consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l'un des p\u00e8res et premier martyr de l'anabaptisme<\/div>
                                                                                          • participe aux premiers bapt\u00eames d'adultes c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9s \u00e0 Zurich le 21 janvier 1525 dans la maison de sa m\u00e8re<\/li>
                                                                                          • en mars 1526, le conseil de Zurich signe un \u00e9dit rendant le bapt\u00eame d'adulte punissable de mort par noyade4. Felix Manz est ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 le 5 janvier 1527<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                            Benedetto Croce<\/span> (1866-1952)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                            Italian philosopher who wrote on history writing and aesthetics<\/div>
                                                                                            • originally supported Mussolini in 1922 but by 1925 created the Manifesto of the AntiFascist Intellectuals<\/li>
                                                                                            • history should be written by philosophers, history is \"philosophy in motion\", there is no cosmic design or ultimate plan in history, and that science of history is a farce<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                              Suleiman the Magnificent<\/span> (1494-1566)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                              The tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1520-1566) whose conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529<\/div>
                                                                                              • under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf<\/li>
                                                                                              • after him, the Ottoman Empire was in a linear state of decline<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                Albert Camus<\/span> (1913-1960)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                Philosophe et nouvelliste fran\u00e7ais, et un journaliste militant engag\u00e9 dans la R\u00e9sistance fran\u00e7aise<\/div>
                                                                                                • il a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un humanisme fond\u00e9 sur la prise de conscience de l'absurde de la condition humaine<\/li>
                                                                                                • sa critique du totalitarisme sovi\u00e9tique lui vaut les anath\u00e8mes des communistes et coupe les ponts avec Jean-Paul Sartre<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                  Edmund Husserl<\/span> (1859-1938)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                  Un philosophe autrichien de naissance puis prussien, fondateur de la ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie<\/div>
                                                                                                  • Martin Heidegger fut son \u00e9l\u00e8ve<\/li>
                                                                                                  • Jean-Paul Sartre d\u00e9veloppera la ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologie dans un sens existentiel, en subissant l'influence de Heidegger<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                    Piero della Francesca<\/span> (1415-1492)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                    Early Renaissance painter whose painting was characterized by its serene humanism, its use of geometric forms and perspective<\/div>
                                                                                                    • also a mathematician and geometer, but appreciated today for his art<\/li>
                                                                                                    • his most famous work is the cycle of frescoes \"The Legend of the True Cross\" in the church of San Francesco in the Tuscan town of Arezzo<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                      Jacques-Louis David<\/span> (1748-1825)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                      Preeminent Neoclassical French painter moved from Rococo frivolity to classical austerity<\/div>
                                                                                                      • became active supporter of French Revolution and friend of Robespierre<\/li>
                                                                                                      • was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic (1792-1804)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                        Mae West<\/span> (1893-1980)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                        American actress and sex symbol known for her bawdy double entendres<\/div>
                                                                                                        • controversial and had constant problems with censorship and the repetitive sameness of consumer culture<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                          Shirley Temple<\/span> (1928-2014)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                          American actress who began who film career in 1932 at the age of three<\/div>
                                                                                                          • as an adult, she entered politics and became a diplomat, serving as United States Ambassador to Ghana and later to Czechoslovakia<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                            Simone Weil<\/span> (1909-1943)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                            Une philosophe fran\u00e7aise et juive qui \u00e0 emmen\u00e9 ses parents en s\u00e9curit\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis et a particip\u00e9 \u00e0 la R\u00e9sistance<\/div>
                                                                                                            • 1925, le baccalaur\u00e9at de philosophie<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                              Georges Canguilhem<\/span> (1904-1995)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                              Un philosophe et m\u00e9decin fran\u00e7ais qui dit que le vivant ne saurait \u00eatre d\u00e9duit des lois physico-chimiques<\/div>
                                                                                                              • il faut partir du vivant lui-m\u00eame pour comprendre la vie<\/li>
                                                                                                              • il re\u00e7u \u00e0 l'\u00c9cole normale sup\u00e9rieure en 1924 avec Jean-Paul Sartre<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                Parmenides<\/span> (515-450 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                Founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy (universal unity of being), taught that change is impossible<\/div>
                                                                                                                • existence is timeless, uniform, necessary, and unchanging<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                  Heraclitus<\/span> (535-475 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                  Taught that there is ever-present change in the universe<\/div>
                                                                                                                  • \"No man ever steps in the same river twice\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                  • self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom<\/li>
                                                                                                                  • lonely life<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                    John Maynard Keynes<\/span> (1883-1946)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                    British economist whose ideas have fundamentally informed the economic policies of governments<\/div>
                                                                                                                    • overturned older ideas that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                      Sukarno<\/span> (1901-1967)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                      The leader of Indonesia's struggle for independence from the Netherlands<\/div>
                                                                                                                      • spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces<\/li>
                                                                                                                      • in office from 1945 to 1967<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                        Mao Zedong<\/span> (1893-1976)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                        Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China<\/div>
                                                                                                                        • his Marxist-Leninist theories, military strategies and political policies are collectively known as Maoism<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                          Jawaharlal Nehru<\/span> (1889-1964)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                          First Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th century<\/div>
                                                                                                                          • in office from 1947-1964<\/li>
                                                                                                                          • considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state: a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                            Zhou Enlai<\/span> (1898-1976)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                            First Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976<\/div>
                                                                                                                            • served under Mao Zedong<\/li>
                                                                                                                            • consolidated the control of the Communist Party<\/li>
                                                                                                                            • formed foreign policy<\/li>
                                                                                                                            • developed the Chinese economy<\/li>
                                                                                                                            • met with George Marshall as the Communist representative in 1946<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                              Vyacheslav Molotov<\/span> (1890-1986)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                              A Soviet politician, diplomat, and Old Bolshevik, leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s into the 1950s<\/div>
                                                                                                                              • rose to power as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Joseph Stalin<\/li>
                                                                                                                              • dismissed from the Presidium of the Central Committee by Nikita Khrushchev<\/li>
                                                                                                                              • was the principal Soviet signatory of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact of 1939<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa<\/span> (1943-)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                Polish trade-union organizer, human-rights activist, and charismatic leader who co-founded Solidarity, then President of Poland from 1990-1995<\/div>
                                                                                                                                • Solidarity was the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union<\/li>
                                                                                                                                • won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                  Robert Schuman<\/span> (1886-1963)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                  A founder of the European Union, twice Prime Minister of France, Minister of Finance and Foreign Minister<\/div>
                                                                                                                                  • arrested by Nazis, saved by lawyer from being sent to Dachau<\/li>
                                                                                                                                  • joined French Resistance<\/li>
                                                                                                                                  • always argued that European reconciliation that must take place after the end of hostilities<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                    Jean Monnet<\/span> (1888-1979)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                    French political economist and diplomat, regarded as a chief architect of European unity<\/div>
                                                                                                                                    • never elected to public office<\/li>
                                                                                                                                    • a well-connected pragmatic internationalist<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                      Dean Acheson<\/span> (1893-1971)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                      Secretary of State in Truman administration, helped design the Marshall Plan<\/div>
                                                                                                                                      • helped develop Truman Doctrine (support Greece and Turkey) and NATO<\/li>
                                                                                                                                      • convinced Truman to intervene in Korean War in June 1950<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                        George Kennan<\/span> (1904-2005)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                        American political scientists, the \"father of containment\"<\/div>
                                                                                                                                        • his writing inspired the Truman Doctrine<\/li>
                                                                                                                                        • leading authority of the Cold War<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                          Cyrus le Grand<\/span> (559-530 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                          Le fondateur de l\u2019Empire perse<\/div>
                                                                                                                                          • son r\u00e8gne a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9 par des conqu\u00eates d'une ampleur sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent historique<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                            Ashoka<\/span> (304-232 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                            Le troisi\u00e8me empereur de la dynastie indienne des Maurya, qui adopte les principes non violents du bouddhisme<\/div>
                                                                                                                                            • son p\u00e8re \u00e9tait Bindusara<\/li>
                                                                                                                                            • l'empire d'Ashoka s'\u00e9tend de l'actuel Afghanistan jusqu'au Bengale<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                              Akbar<\/span> (1542-1605)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                              En persan qui dirige l'Empire moghol de 1556 jusqu'en 1605<\/div>
                                                                                                                                              • consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le plus grand Moghol<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                Pope Paul VI<\/span> (1897-1978)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                Pope from 1963-1978, continued the Second Vatican Council, improved relations with Eastern Orthodox Church and Protestants<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                • succeeded Pope John XXIII<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                  Wang Yangming<\/span> (1472-1529)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                  A Chinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general during the Ming dynasty<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                  • believed each moral virtue is naturally embedded within each person, but they have to be cultivated<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                    Chiang Kai-shek<\/span> (1887-1975)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                    Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (Taiwan) between 1928 and 1975<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                    • took Sun's place as leader of the KMT (Kuomintang) when Sun died in 1925<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                      Mao Zedong<\/span> (1893-1976)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                      Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                      • governed China fro 1949-1976<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                        Sun Yat-sen<\/span> (1866-1925)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                        Chinese revolutionary, first president and founding father of the Republic of China<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                        • in the ROC (Republic of China, Taiwan) he is referred to as Father of the Nation<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                        • played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the years leading up to the Double Ten Revolution (Xinhai Revolution of 1911)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                          Albert Coady Wedemeyer<\/span> (1897-1989)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                          United States Army commander who assumed command of U.S. forces in China during World War II<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                          • was also named Chief of Staff to the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                          • provided the Wedemeyer report which Marshall quashed<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                          • was a chief supporter of the Berlin Airlift<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                          • as a U.S. officer, he was appointed to the German war college Kriegsakademie in Berlin, 1936-38, and was included in 1938 German maneuvers, which gave him unique insight into German tactical operations<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                            Sir Flinders Petrie<\/span> (1853-1942)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                            English Egyptologist who discovered the Merneptah Stele (earliest text about Canaan), an inscription by the Egyptian king Merneptah from 1213 BC at Thebes<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                            • pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology and preservation of artifacts<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                            • developed the system of dating layers based on pottery and ceramic findings<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                              John Cromwell Mather<\/span> (1946-)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                              American astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner in Physics for his work on the COBE Satellite<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                              • partner on COBE project was George Smoot<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                              • COBE is an NASA satellite launched into Earth orbit on Nov. 18, 1989, and which revolutionized our understanding of the early cosmos by measuring and mapping the oldest light in the universe<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                              • the COBE satellite helped cement the big-bang theory of the universe, and can be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                              • John Cromwell is also the project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a space telescope to be launched to L2 no earlier than 2018<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                Lars Bak<\/span> (1964-)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                Danish computer programmer who currently works for Google where he has contributed to the Chrome browser by developing the V8 JavaScript engine<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                • 1988 designed and implemented object-oriented virtual machines<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                • at Sun, developed a programming environment for Self and added several enhancements to the virtual machine<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                • at Sun, developed a high-performance Java virtual machine<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                • in 2004, joined Google to work on the Chrome browser<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                • with team of 12 engineers, Bak has coordinated the development of the V8 JavaScript interpreter for Chrome<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                • co-developed the Dart programming language<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  Syngman Rhee<\/span> (1875-1965)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                  First president of South Korea<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                  • before WWII, elicited outside help to get the Japanese out of Korea<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                  • Harvard, Princeton graduate<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                  • anti-Communist and a strongman<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                  • led South through the Korean War<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                    Kim Il-sung<\/span> (1912-1994)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                    Leader of North Korea from 1948-1994<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                    • authorized invasion of South Korean in 1950<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                    • established an all-pervasive cult of personality<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                    • succeeded by Kim Jong-Il reigned 1994-2011<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                    • succeeded by Kim Jong-un in 2011<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                      Albrecht Altdorfer<\/span> (1480-1538)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                      Deutscher Maler der Renaissance, Sch\u00fcler von D\u00fcrer<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                      • neben Wolf Huber war er Hauptmeister der Donauschule<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                        Peng Dehuai<\/span> (1898-1974)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                        Chinese Communist military leader who supported Mao's suggestions to involve China directly in the Korean War<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                        • Defense Minister from 1954 to 1959<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                          Matthew Ridgway<\/span> (1895-1993)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                          U.S. Army general credited for turning the Korean War around in favor of the UN side<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                          • in 1986 recognized by the award of the Presidential Medal of Freedom<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                          • when MacArthur was relieved by Truman in April 1951, Ridgway assumed command of all United Nations forces in Korea<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                            Mohammad Mosaddegh<\/span> (1882-1967)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                            Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953 overthrown by British\/Americans<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                            • pro nationalization of the Iranian oil industry (under British control since 1913)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                              Josip Tito<\/span> (1892-1980)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                              Authoritarian, \"benevolent dictator\" of Yugoslavia<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                              • 1943-1980 Supreme commander of Yugoslav army<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                              • during World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                Plinio el Viejo<\/span> (23-79 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                Un escritor latino, cient\u00edfico, naturalista y militar romano, escribi\u00f3 una enciclopedia que cubr\u00eda casi todo el conocimiento antiguo<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                • inici\u00f3 su carrera militar en Germania con una duraci\u00f3n de doce a\u00f1os<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                • en el a\u00f1o 57, donde se dedic\u00f3 al estudio y cultivo de las letras<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                • desempe\u00f1\u00f3 varios cargos oficiales al servicio del emperador Vespasiano<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                • desarroll\u00f3 su carrera militar en Germania, y como procurador romano en Galia e Hispania alrededor del 73<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                  Galeno de P\u00e9rgamo<\/span> (130-200 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                  Un m\u00e9dico griego, sus puntos de vista dominaron la medicina europea a lo largo de m\u00e1s de mil a\u00f1os<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                  • aport\u00f3 mucho al desarrollo de la medicina con avances en anatom\u00eda, fisiolog\u00eda, patolog\u00eda, farmacolog\u00eda y neurolog\u00eda<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                  • los escritos de Galeno se consideran como verdades hasta finales de la Edad Media<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                    Ho Chi Minh<\/span> (1890-1969)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                    Vietnamese Communist revolutionary, president of North Vietnam 1945-1969<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                    • died of old age in the middle of the Vietnam War (1955-1975)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                      Kwame Nkrumah<\/span> (1909-1972)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                      Leader of Ghana 1951-1966 nation's independence from British colonization in 1957<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                      • winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                      • saw himself as an African Lenin<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                        Che Guevara<\/span> (1928-1967)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                        Argentine Marxist revolutionary against capitalist exploitation of Latin America<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                        • traveled throughout South America, saw poverty, involved in Guatemala's social reforms, joined Fidel Castro<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                        • played a pivotal role in the victorious two-year guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                        • supported international revolution<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                        • captured and killed by CIA-supported Bolivian troops in Bolivia<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                          Gamal Abdel Nasser<\/span> (1918-1957)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                          Second president of Egypt after planning 1952 overthrow of monarchy, cracked down on Muslim Brotherhood and ousted president<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                          • neutralist policies during the Cold War led to tense relations with Western powers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                          • retaliatory move to nationalize the Suez Canal Company in 1956 was acclaimed within Egypt and the Arab world<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                            Pippin der Kleine<\/span> (715-768)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                            Ein fr\u00e4nkischer Hausmeier aus dem Geschlecht der Karolinger und seit 751 K\u00f6nig der Franken, Vater von Karl der Gro\u00dfe<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                            • mit Papst Stephan II. schloss er 754 ein Schutzb\u00fcndnis<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                              Chlodwig I.<\/span> (466-511 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                              (Clovis) ein fr\u00e4nkischer K\u00f6nig, Begr\u00fcnder des Frankenreichs angesehen, der alle anderen fr\u00e4nkischen reges sowie weitere germanische St\u00e4mme gewaltsam unterwarf<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                              • machte Paris Hauptstadt<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                              • \u00fcbertritt zum Katholizismus und nicht wie bei den Germanen damals \u00fcblich zur arianischen Form des Christentums<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                Gary Powers<\/span> (1929-1977)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                American CIA pilot whose spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission over Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                • he ejected, plane crashed almost fully intact<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                • was held in Vladimir Central Prison, 100 miles east of Moscow, developed a good rapport with Russian prisoners there<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1962 exchanged on the Glienicke Br\u00fccke<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Odumegwu Ojukwu<\/span> (1933-2011)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Nigerian military officer and politician, the leader of the breakaway Republic of Biafra from 1967 to 1970<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Nigerian politician from 1983 to 2011<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • served as the military governor of the Eastern Region of Nigeria in 1966<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • educated in England<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • attractive to the west<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                    Ngo Dinh Diem<\/span> (1901-1963)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                    First president of South Vietnam (1955\u20131963)<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • accruing considerable US support due to his staunch anti-communism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1955 won 600,000 votes from an electorate of 450,000<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • a Roman Catholic, Diem's policies toward the Republic's Montagnard natives and its Buddhist majority were met with protests<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • lost the backing of his US patrons and was assassinated in a coup d'\u00e9tat<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Friedrich Schleiermacher<\/span> (1768-1834)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                      Un th\u00e9ologien protestant et un philosophe allemand<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • la doctrine n'est pas une v\u00e9rit\u00e9 r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e par Dieu, mais la formulation faite par des hommes de la conscience qu'ils ont de Dieu<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • v\u00e9ritable fondateur de l'herm\u00e9neutique moderne<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Karl Barth<\/span> (1886-1968)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Un th\u00e9ologien et pasteur protestant suisse<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l'une des personnalit\u00e9s majeures de la th\u00e9ologie chr\u00e9tienne du XXe si\u00e8cle, toutes confessions confondues<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • toute son oeuvre est une protestation contre les tentatives humaines pour instrumentaliser Dieu en l'identifiant \u00e0 une cause ou \u00e0 une doctrine<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                          Ptolomeo II Filadelfo<\/span> (308-246 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                          El segundo fara\u00f3n de la dinast\u00eda ptolemaica en Egipto, amante e impulsor de las ciencias y las artes<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Ptolomeo fue un rey melanc\u00f3lico<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • poco diestro en la guerra al contrario que su padre<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • muy h\u00e1bil diplom\u00e1tico<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • nombre en Ingl\u00e9s: \"Ptolemy II Philadelphus\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                            Liu Shaoqi<\/span> (1898-1969)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                            President of the People's Republic of China from 1959 to 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • fell out of favor in the 1960s because Mao viewed him as a threat to his power<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1968 disappeared from public life and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • died under harsh treatment in late 1969<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Avicena<\/span> (980-1037)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                              Un m\u00e9dico, fil\u00f3sofo, cient\u00edfico y pol\u00edmata persa qui scribi\u00f3 cerca de trescientos libros sobre diferentes temas, predominantemente de filosof\u00eda y medicina<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • sus textos m\u00e1s famosos son El libro de la curaci\u00f3n y El canon de medicina<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • sus disc\u00edpulos le llamaban el tercer Maestro, despu\u00e9s de Arist\u00f3teles y Al-Farabi<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Jean le Rond d'Alembert<\/span> (1717-1783)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Mathematician and until 1759 he was co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclop\u00e9die<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • studied the problem of a vibrating string such as that of a musical instrument (d'Alembert's formula)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1746, elected to the Berlin Academy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in his most famous work, Trait\u00e9 de dynamique, he developed his own laws of motion<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • as a known unbeliever in the religion of the time, D'Alembert was buried in a common unmarked grave<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Jean Calas<\/span> (1698-1762)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Merchant in Toulouse, France, famous for having been the victim of a biased trial due to his being a Protestant<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in France, he is a symbol of religious intolerance<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Voltaire began a campaign to get Calas' sentence overturned<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Voltaire's efforts were successful: king Louis XV received the family, and had the sentence annulled in 1764.<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Madame de Sta\u00ebl<\/span> (1766-1817)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A French woman of letters who organized salons for the philosophes of the Enlightenment<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • one of Napoleon's principal opponents<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • celebrated for her conversational eloquence<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Marquis de Condorcet<\/span> (1743-1794)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      French philosophe who advocated a liberal economy, free education, and equal rights for women and other races<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • died a mysterious death in prison after a period of flight from French Revolutionary authorities<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn<\/span> (1918-2008)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Russian novelist, historian who helped to raise global awareness of Soviet Union's forced labor camps<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • wrote \"One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1974 but returned to Russia in 1994 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Andr\u00e9s Vesalio<\/span> (1514-1564)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Un anatomista B\u00e9lgica y considerado el fundador de la anatom\u00eda moderna<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • uno de los libros m\u00e1s influyentes sobre anatom\u00eda humana<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • \u00e9l bas\u00f3 sus estudios anat\u00f3micos en la observaci\u00f3n directa<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • rechazando algunos errores anat\u00f3micos presentes en la obra de Galeno<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Pierre-Simon Laplace<\/span> (1749-1827)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Un astr\u00f3nomo, f\u00edsico y matem\u00e1tico franc\u00e9s a veces referido como el Newton de Francia<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • comparti\u00f3 la doctrina filos\u00f3fica del determinismo cient\u00edfico<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Thutmose III<\/span> (1479-1425 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Greatest military leader in Egyptian history<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • no record of him ever losing a battle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • has been called the Napoleon of ancient Egypt<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • made Canaan into one of his imperial possessions, a province in his vast empire<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • extended kingdom into modern Turkey, into the Hittites<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • initiated the Pax Aegyptica<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Amenhotep III<\/span> (1400-1351 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Ninth pharaoh in 18th century dynasty, reign was a period of unprecedented prosperity and artistic splendor<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Egypt reached the peak of its artistic and international power<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • his son was Akhenaten<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Akhenaten<\/span> (1380-1334 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Tenth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who abandoned polytheism and introduced monotheistic worship centered on the Aten<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his queen was Nefertiti<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • father of Tutankhamun (King Tut)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Nefertiti<\/span> (1370-1330 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    the Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of Akhenaten, the pair known for introducing monotheism to Egypt<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • bust is in the Egyptian museum in Berlin<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      James Cook<\/span> (1728-1779)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      British explorer, navigator, cartographer, achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian islands<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • captain in the Royal Navy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • three voyages<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rey Den<\/span> (2914-2867 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        El primer fara\u00f3n que ostenta el t\u00edtulo de rey del Alto y Bajo Egipto<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • se encontraron numerosos objetos en su tumba, incluyendo una tablilla donde aparece cumpliendo ritos religiosos destinados a repetir la coronaci\u00f3n, Heb Sed, y por tanto, renovar el poder real<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Hugo Grotius<\/span> (1583-1645)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Un juriste des Pays-Bas qui posa les fondements du droit international<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • il fut aussi philosophe, apologiste chr\u00e9tien, dramaturge, et po\u00e8te<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Henri Dunant<\/span> (1828-1910)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Un homme d'affaires humaniste suisse qui a fond\u00e9 la Croix-Rouge<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • pendant un voyage d'affaires en juin 1859, il se trouve \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de la ville italienne de Solf\u00e9rino et d\u00e9couvre les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts humains de la bataille qui s\u2019y d\u00e9roula<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Ramesses II<\/span> (1303-1213 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The \"Great Ancestor\" pharaoh who reasserted Egyptian control in the north over Canaan and in the south into Nubia<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • third pharaoh of the 19th dynasty<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Ramesses III<\/span> (1217-1155 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                The last great New Kingdom king to wield any substantial authority over Egypt<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 2nd Pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Enrico Berlinguer<\/span> (1922-1984)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  An Italian politician and national secretary of the Italian Communist Party<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • broke with the Soviets over the invasion of Afghanistan<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • came close to taking power in Italy in a free election<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Edward Heath<\/span> (1916-2005)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974, bitterly denounced by Thatcher<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • was going to take on inflation, take on the labor unions<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1972 throws up his hands and increased spending and inflation<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Robert Clive<\/span> (1725-1774)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • together with Warren Hastings he was one of the key early figures in the creation of British India<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Edwin Hubble<\/span> (1889-1953)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Astr\u00f3nomo famoso principalmente por la creencia general de que en 1929 hab\u00eda demostrado la expansi\u00f3n del universo midiendo el corrimiento al rojo de galaxias distantes<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • uno de los m\u00e1s importantes astr\u00f3nomos estadounidenses del siglo XX<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Maximilien de Robespierre<\/span> (1758-1794)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          French lawyer and politician and one of the most influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution, nicknamed l'Incorruptible<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • advocated against the death penalty<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • advocated for the abolition of slavery<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • supported universal male suffrage<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • supported establishment of a republic<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • opposed dechristianisation of France<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • opposed war with Austria<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • took control of the Revolution in its most radical and bloody phase<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • used terror as a tool to accomplish his overarching goals for democracy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • arrested and executed in July 1794<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Mary Wollstonecraft<\/span> (1759-1797)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Eighteenth-century English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights, best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • she argued that women were not naturally inferior to men, but appeared to be so only because they lack education<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • she suggested that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • she died at the age of thirty-eight, ten days after giving birth to her second daughter, an accomplished writer herself, as Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Arthur Young<\/span> (1741-1820)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              English writer on agriculture, economics, and social statistics, known mostly for traveling throughout France around the start of the French Revolution describing the condition of the people and the conduct of public affairs<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • campaigner for the rights of agricultural workers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 1792: book \"Travels in France\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 1793: appointed secretary to the Board of Agriculture<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • considered the greatest of English writers on agriculture<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Milton Friedman<\/span> (1912-2006)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                American economist, statistician, and writer, the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Yuri Andropov<\/span> (1914-1984)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Leader of the Soviet Union from 1982-1984<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 1954: played a key role in crushing the Hungarian Revolution<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 1967: played key role in crushing of Prague Spring<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 1979: played dominant role in the decision to invade Afghanistan<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Helmut Schmidt<\/span> (1918-)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    West Germany chancellor from 1974-1982, member of the SPD party,<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1969-1972: Minister of Defense<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1972-1974: Minister of Finance<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • supported policies which gave led to Germany having one of the most stable currencies and economic positions in the world<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Omri<\/span> (970-873 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The sixth king of Israel after Jeroboam, credited with the construction of Samaria and establishing it as his capital<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • successful military campaigner<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • founder of the House of Omri which which included other monarchs such as Ahab, Ahaziah, Joram, and Athaliah<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        David<\/span> (1040-970 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1010\u20131002BC: ruled over Judah<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1002\u2013970BC: ruled over United Kingdom<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • a righteous king, not without faults<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • acclaimed warrior, musician, and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Pope Sixtus V<\/span> (1521-1590)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Pope for only five years from 1585 to his death in 1590, he spent immense sums on public works transforming the city of Rome and its surroundings<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • brought water to the waterless hills in the Acqua Felice, feeding twenty-seven new fountains<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • laid out new arteries in Rome, which connected the great basilicas<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • set his engineer-architect Domenico Fontana to replan the Colosseum as a silk-spinning factory housing its workers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the completion of the dome of St. Peter's<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the erection of four obelisks, including that in Saint Peter's Square<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the opening of six streets<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the restoration of the aqueduct of Septimius Severus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the integration of the Leonine City in Rome as XIV rione (Borgo)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he sweetened the city air by financing the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes, reclaiming 38 square kilometers and opened them to agriculture and manufacture<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sir Richard Owen<\/span> (1804-1892)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist who coined the word Dinosauria (meaning \"Terrible Reptile\" or \"Fearfully Great Reptile\")<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Owen is also remembered for his outspoken opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, althought agreeing with Darwin that evolution occurred, he thought it was more complex than outlined in Darwin's On the Origin of Species<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Owen's driving ambition, occasionally vicious temperament, and determination to succeed meant that he was not always popular with his fellow scientists<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • known for his campaign for the natural specimens in the British Museum to be given a new home, by making the Natural History Museum an institution for everyone, Owen transformed our expectations of what museums are for<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Gideon Mantall<\/span> (1790-1852)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              English geologist and palaeontologist whose attempts to reconstruct the structure and life of Iguanodon began the scientific study of dinosaurs<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • 1822 he was responsible for the discovery and identification of the first fossil teeth and later the full skeleton of an Iguanodon<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Edmund Randolph<\/span> (1753-1813)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                American attorney, the seventh Governor of Virginia, delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • the second Secretary of State<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • the first United States Attorney General<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • argued against importation of slaves and in favor of a strong central government<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • advocated a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • proposed two houses, where in both of them delegates were chosen based on state population<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  King Saul<\/span> (1082-1010 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  First king of a united Kingdom of Israel and Judah<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • he fell on his sword to avoid capture in the battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilboa<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • succession to his throne was contested by Ish-bosheth, his only surviving son, and his son-in-law David, who eventually prevailed<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    King David<\/span> (1040-970 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1010\u20131002 BC reigned over Judah<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • 1002\u2013970 BC reigned over United Kingdom<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • the only sources of David are the Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, and 1 Chronicles<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      King Solomon<\/span> (1011-931 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      King of Israel and the son of David<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • the third king of the United Monarchy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • final king before the rupture into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Ahab<\/span> (930-874 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The seventh king of Israel, the son of Omri according to the Hebrew Bible<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • reigned for 22 years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • most probably fought in the Battle of Qarqar is mentioned in extra-biblical records<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in the Biblical text, Ahab has five important encounters with prophets<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Jehoram<\/span> (920-842 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          King of the northern Kingdom of Israel, son of Ahab and Jezebel, and brother to King Ahaziah, and grandson of Omri<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Jehoram worshiped Baal<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • author of Kings speaks of both Jehoram of Israel and Jehoram of Judah in the same passage, which can be confusing<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Athaliah<\/span> (900-836 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Daughter of Omride King Ahab and Queen Jezebel, became queen consort of Judah as the wife of King Jehoram, a descendant of King David, and later queen regnant for six years.<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • worshiped Baal, tolerated by Jehoram who worshipped YHWH<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • after Jehoram's death, Ahaziah became king of Judah, and Athaliah was queen mother<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • she and her family were exterminated by Jehu which ended Omride rule<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Jehu<\/span> (875-815 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Tenth king of Israel, noted for exterminating the house of Ahab at the instruction of Yahweh<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ruled from 842\u2013815 BC<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • principal source for the events of his reign comes from 2 Kings 9-10<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Abb\u00e9 Siey\u00e8s<\/span> (1748-1836)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                French Roman Catholic abb\u00e9 whose 1789 pamphlet \"What is the Third Estate?\" became the de facto manifesto of the French Revolution<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • first name Emmanuel<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • was among the instigators of the coup d'\u00e9tat of 18 Brumaire (9 November), which brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • coined the term \"sociologie\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Augustus Pugin<\/span> (1812-1852)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  English architect remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style, responsible for the interior design of the Palace of Westminster<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • after his death, his ideas were carried on by two young architects who admired him and had attended his funeral, W. E. Nesfield and Norman Shaw<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • the art critic John Ruskin \"outlived and out-talked him by half a century, if Ruskin had never lived, Pugin would never have been forgotten\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Gustave Dor\u00e9<\/span> (1832-1883)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    French artist, printmaker, illustrator and sculptor who depicted scenes from books by Rabelais, Balzac, Milton, Don Quixote, Dante, Lord Byron, for Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Raven\" and for an illustrated English Bible<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • at age five he had been a prodigy troublemaker, playing pranks that were mature beyond his years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • at age twelve he began engraving in cement, but eventually worked primarily with wood engraving<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Edmund Burke<\/span> (1729-1797)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Irish statesman who served in the British House of Commons remembered for his support of the American Revolutionaries and opposition to French Revolution<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • his opposition to the French Revolution led him to become the leading figure within conservative faction of the Whig party<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • attempted to impeach Warren Hastings of the East India Company for personal corruption<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • praised by both conservatives and liberals of the 19th century, today he is viewed as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • \"All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Warren Hastings<\/span> (1732-1818)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The first Governor-General of Bengal, from 1772 to 1785, was accused of corruption and impeached in 1787, but after a long trial he was acquitted in 1795<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • the letters and journals of Jane Austen and her family, who knew Hastings, show that they followed the trial closely<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Marquis de Pombal<\/span> (1699-1782)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          18th-century Portuguese statesman and de facto head of government, notable for his swift and competent leadership in the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, he implemented sweeping economic policies in Portugal to regulate commercial activity and standardize quality throughout the country<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • was instrumental in weakening the grip of the Inquisition<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • introduced many fundamental administrative, educational, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms justified in the name of the Enlightenment and instrumental in advancing secularization<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Richard Wright<\/span> (1908-1960)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            African-American author of sometimes controversial novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • his literature concerns racial themes, especially those involving the plight of African Americans during the late 19th to mid-20th centuries<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1946, Wright moved to Paris where he became friends with Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • after becoming a French citizen in 1947, he continued to travel through Europe, Asia, and Africa<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Karl Popper<\/span> (1902-1994)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Austrian-British philosopher and professor at the London School of Economics, Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favor of empirical falsification<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he taught that a theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • his political philosophy embraces ideas from all major democratic political ideologies and attempts to reconcile social democracy, classical liberalism and conservatism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • \"We are social creatures to the inmost center of our being. The notion that one can begin anything at all from scratch, free from the past, or unindebted to others, could not conceivably be more wrong.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                John Bingham<\/span> (1815-1900)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                American congressman who was principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution which provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Republican congressman from the U.S. state of Ohio<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • judge advocate in the trial of the Abraham Lincoln assassination<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • a prosecutor in the impeachment trials of Andrew Johnson<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Jasejemuy<\/span> (2709-2682 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Fue el \u00faltimo fara\u00f3n de la dinast\u00eda II en Egipto<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • es considerado el reunificador de las Dos Tierras (Egipto) bajo su mando, dividida despu\u00e9s del reinado de Peribsen<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Jasejemuy traslad\u00f3 la capital a Hierac\u00f3mpolis, en la zona sur del pa\u00eds, y fue la primera y \u00faltima vez que Egipto era gobernado desde esa ciudad<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • se le conoce en Ingl\u00e9s como Khasekhemwy<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Narmer<\/span> (3160-3100 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Fue el primer fara\u00f3n del Antiguo Egipto y fundador de la Dinast\u00eda I ca. 3150 a. C.<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • aunque su identidad es debatida, los egipt\u00f3logos coinciden en identificarlo tambi\u00e9n como el fara\u00f3n Menes<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Jehoash of Judah<\/span> (860-800 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      King of Judah, first Judahite king to be descended from both the House of David and the House of Omri<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • the sole surviving son of Ahaziah after the massacre of the royal family ordered by his grandmother, Athaliah<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Jehoash of Israel<\/span> (840-782 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        King of the ancient Kingdom of Israel<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • according to the second book of Kings, Jehoash was sinful and did evil in the eyes of Yahweh for tolerating the worship of the golden calves<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Jeroboam II<\/span> (786-746 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Son and successor of Jehoash of Israel, 14th King of Israel<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • his reign was contemporary with Amaziah and Uzziah, kings of Judah.<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Tiglath-Pileser III<\/span> (745-727 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            King of Assyria who introduced advanced civil, military, and political systems into the Neo-Assyrian Empire<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • seized the Assyrian throne during a civil war and killed the royal family<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • made sweeping changes to the Assyrian government, considerably improving its efficiency and security<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • subjugated much of the known world at the time<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • discouraged revolts against Assyrian rule with the use of forced deportations of thousands of people all over the empire<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Robert Jackson<\/span> (1892-1954)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              United States Solicitor General (1938-1940), United States Attorney General (1940\u20131941) and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Jackson's concurring opinion in 1952's Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, forbidding President Harry Truman's seizure of steel mills during the Korean War to avert a strike, where Jackson formulated a three-tier test for evaluating claims of presidential power, remains one of the most widely cited opinions in Supreme Court history<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • chief United States prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • \"any lawyer worth his salt will tell the suspect in no uncertain terms to make no statement to the police under any circumstances\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Hezekiah<\/span> (740-687 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                13th king of Judah who witnessed the destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel by Sargon's Assyrians in c. 720 BC and was king of Judah during the invasion and siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib in 701 BC<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • son of Ahaz and one of the most prominent kings of Judah mentioned in the Hebrew Bible<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • enacted sweeping religious reforms, including a strict mandate for the sole worship of Yahweh and a prohibition on venerating other deities within the Temple in Jerusalem<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Isaiah and Micah prophesied during his reign<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Tang of Shang<\/span> (1675-1646 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  The first king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history, overthrew Jie, the last ruler of the Xia dynasty<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Tang had ruled Shang, one of the many kingdoms under the suzerainty of the Xia dynasty, for 17 years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • during Jie's reign, Shang grew in power and was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • he recognized that Jie mistreated his people and used this to convince others<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Tang's reign was regarded as a good one by the Chinese, he lowered taxes and the conscription rate of soldiers, his influence spread to the Yellow River, and many outlying tribes, such as Di and Qiang, became vassal states, he also established Anyang as the new capital of China<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Pierre Duhem<\/span> (1861-1916)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    French physicist, mathematician, historian and philosopher of science best known for his writings on the indeterminacy of experimental criteria and on scientific development in the Middle Ages<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he argued for holism in scientific experimentation in physics, namely that an experiment in physics is not simply an observation, but rather an interpretation of observations by means of a theoretical framework, no matter how well one constructs one's experiment, it is impossible to subject an isolated single hypothesis to an experimental test, instead, it is a whole interlocking group of hypotheses, background assumptions, and theories that is tested<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • also made major contributions to the science of his day, particularly in the fields of hydrodynamics, elasticity, and thermodynamics<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Jean-Charles Alphand<\/span> (1817-1891)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      French engineer of the Corps des ponts under Napol\u00e9on III, participated in the renovation of Paris directed by Baron Haussmann between 1852 and 1870<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • notable accomplishments include: le square du Temple, Avenue de l'Observatoire, Parc Monceau, parc Montsouris, le bois de Vincennes, and bois de Boulogne<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • worked with engineer Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • also worked with landscape architect Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        King Jeconiah<\/span> (660-580 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The king of Judah who was dethroned by the King of Babylon and taken into captivity<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • was the son and successor of King Jehoiakim<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • most of what is known about Jeconiah is found in the Hebrew Bible<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • tablets found in Iraq were excavated his Jeconiah's food ration tablets<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • raiders killed his king father, and he reigned for three months<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • seized by Nebuchadnezzar II's armies<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Nebuchadnezzar's intent was to take high class Judahite captives and assimilate them into Babylonian society<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • while in captivity, the deported Jews still regarded Jeconiah as their legitimate king<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          King Wen<\/span> (1152-1056 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Honored as the founder of the Zhou dynasty<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • in trying to reform the evil King Zhow of the Shang dynasty, he became a perfect paragon of virtue and cultured correctness<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he didn't take up arms against the king, it was his son Wu who conquered the Shang following the Battle of Muye<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • large number of the hymns of the Classic of Poetry are praises to the legacy of King Wen<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the first epic hero of Chinese history<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Duke of Zhou<\/span> (1152-1056 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A member of the Zhou Dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • when King Wu died, King Cheng was too young to take over the kingship, so the Duke of Zhou acted as capable and loyal regent for his young nephew King Cheng by e.g. successfully suppressing a number of rebellions and placating the Shang nobility with titles and positions<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • a Chinese culture hero credited with writing the I Ching and the Book of Poetry, establishing the Rites of Zhou, and creating the yayue of Chinese classical music<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • a paragon of loyalty and wisdom<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • as soon as King Cheng was old enough to take over, he graciously gave the throne to the son of his brother<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • by Confucius and in Chinese culture, he is seen as the symbol of what a wise ruler and minister should be<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              John Adams Whipple<\/span> (1822-1891)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Early American photographer who pioneered astronomical and night photography known for his extraordinary early photographs of the moon<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • first in the United States to manufacture the chemicals used for daguerreotypes<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • first to produce images of stars other than the sun (Vega and Mizar-Alcor stellar system)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Pierre de Fermat<\/span> (1601-1665)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Amateur mathematician who developed the principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time <\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Fermat's principle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • responsible also for its derived principle that a light ray incident upon a reflective surface will be reflected at an angle equal to the incident angle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • both principles important in the manufacture of lenses for telescopes and cameras<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • together with Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Fermat was one of the two leading mathematicians of the first half of the 17th century<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Isaac Newton wrote that his own early ideas about calculus came directly from Fermat's way of drawing tangents<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • officially only an amateur mathematician, Fermat worked as a lawyer at the Parliament of Toulouse, France<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Xunzi<\/span> (313-238 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  A Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States period, believed man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, a counter to Mencius and so did not believe that man is innately good, and had a pragmatic flavor compared to Confucian optimism<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought (philosophers and schools that flourished from the 6th century to the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • \"I once tried standing up on my toes to see far out in the distance, but I found that I could see much farther by climbing to a high place.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    King John Lackland<\/span> (1166-1216)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Known for signing the Magna Carta in 1215 which promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • King John was given the nickname of Lackland because, unlike his elder brothers, he received no land rights in the continental provinces<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • yet the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174 made him the favorite child of the reigning monarch, King Henry II<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • although he has been described as \"hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general\" he is generally described critically in his capacity of a king, showing \"distasteful, even dangerous personality traits, such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • these negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Ferdinand de Saussure<\/span> (1857-1913)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments both in linguistics and semiology in the 20th century.<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • widely considered one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • together with Charles Sanders Peirce, the father of semiotics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • \"Language is no longer regarded as peripheral to our grasp of the world we live in, but as central to it. Words are not mere vocal labels or communicational adjuncts superimposed upon an already given order of things. They are collective products of social interaction, essential instruments through which human beings constitute and articulate their world.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Benjamin Rush<\/span> (1746-1813)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Leader of the American Enlightenment, an enthusiastic supporter of the American Revolution, and a leader in Pennsylvania's ratification of the Constitution in 1788.<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • advocated free public schools, improved education for women, and a more enlightened penal system<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • signed the Declaration of Independence and attended the Continental Congress<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • served as Surgeon General in the Continental army<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • became a professor of chemistry, medical theory, and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          George Romanes<\/span> (1848-1894)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Canadian-born English evolutionary biologist who laid the foundation of comparative psychology, postulating a similarity of cognitive processes between humans and other animals<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the youngest of Charles Darwin's academic friends<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • invented the term neo-Darwinism, which is still often used today to indicate an updated form of Darwinism (i.e. transmission of characteristics from parent to child through genetic transfer rather than Darwin's \"blending process\")<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • our base feelings are fundamentally about approach and avoidance of phenomena in our environment: approaching a rattle snake feels bad, approaching food feels good<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • we assume our primate relatives have these feelings as well, and this may go down to very simple organisms<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Roland Barthes<\/span> (1915-1980)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic, and semiotician, known for his collection of writings in his work \"Mythologies\" (1957) in which he interrogated specific cultural materials in order to expose how bourgeois society asserted its values through them<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • for example, the portrayal of wine in French society as a robust and healthy habit as a bourgeois ideal that is contradicted by certain realities, i.e. that wine can be unhealthy and inebriating<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • found semiotics, the study of signs, useful in these interrogations<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • explained that these bourgeois cultural myths were \"second-order signs,\" or \"connotations\", e.g. a picture of a full, dark bottle is a signifier that relates to a fermented, alcoholic beverage<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • bourgeoisie relate it to a new signified, i.e. the idea of healthy, robust, relaxing experience<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • motivations for such manipulations vary, from a desire to sell products to a simple desire to maintain the status quo<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Palloy<\/span> (1755-1835)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Entrepreneurial building contractor remembered for the demolition of the Bastille<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • married the daughter of a building contractor and joined the trade himself, eventually taking over his new family's business<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • by 1789 he had made the company one of the largest building firms in Paris, employing 400 workers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • when the Bastille fell on July 14, 1789 there was some debate as to what should replace it<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Palloy knew exactly what he wanted to do and by that evening had begun the process of dismantling the structure<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he secured the contract to demolish the building two days later<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Palloy labelled himself a patriot and emphasized the symbolism of the Bastille, writing speeches, painting pictures, and even arranging celebratory festivals and theatrical reconstructions of the day the Bastille fell<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he sent miniature replicas of the Bastille to each of the 83 departments asking only to be reimbursed for transport and postage<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Algirdas Julien Greimas<\/span> (1917-1992)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A French-Lithuanian literary scientist, known among other things for the Greimas Square, a tool used in structural analysis of the relationships between semiotic signs through the opposition of concepts, such as feminine\/masculine<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • created concept of isotopy, a repetition of a basic meaning trait in a story<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • created the actantial model, a tool used to analyze the action that takes place in a story in six actants<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • along with Roland Barthes, considered the most prominent of the French semioticians<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • trained in structural linguistics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • laid the foundations for the Paris School of Semiotics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • also researched and reconstructed Lithuanian mythology<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Christian Metz<\/span> (1931-1993)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  French film theorist best known for pioneering the application of Ferdinand de Saussure's theories of semiology to film<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in the 1970s, his work had a major impact on film theory in France, Britain, Latin America and the United States<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in his book \"Film Language: A Semiotics of Cinema\", he focuses on narrative structure, proposing a system for categorizing scenes, known as \"syntagms\", in films<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • he applied both Sigmund Freud's psychology and Jacques Lacan's mirror theory to the cinema, proposing that the reason film is popular as an art form lies in its ability to be both an imperfect reflection of reality and a method to delve into the unconscious dream state<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Sesostris I<\/span> (1981-1926 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Second pharaoh of the *Twelfth* Dynasty of Egypt, known for building numerous shrines and temples throughout Egypt including the oldest standing *obelisk* in Egypt in northeast Cairo at the site of the ancient city of Heliopolis<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • also known as *Senusret* I<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in *Heliopolis* which was the centre of the sun cult<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • continued his father's Amenemhat I's aggressive *expansionist* policies against Nubia<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • established diplomatic relations with some rulers of towns in Syria and *Canaan*<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sneferu<\/span> (2613-2589 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      The pharaoh and founder of the 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, known as the builder of three *pyramids* that survive to this day and which introduced major innovations in the design and construction<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • he is also known under his Hellenized name *Soris*<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Hetepheres I was Sneferu's main wife and the mother of *Khufu*, the builder of the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas<\/span> (1484-1566)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar who wrote \"A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies\", a chronicle of the first decades of colonization of the West Indies which focused particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed \"Protector of the Indians<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • as one of the first European settlers in the Americas, he participated in the atrocities committed against the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in 1515, he reformed his views, gave up his Indian slaves, and advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of rights for the natives<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • In 1522, he attempted to launch a new kind of peaceful colonialism on the coast of Venezuela, but this venture failed, causing Las Casas to enter the Dominican Order and become a friar, leaving the public scene for a decade<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • he continued lobbying for the abolition of the encomienda (a grant of a specified number of natives of a specific community to a specific Spanish colonizer), gaining an important victory by the passing of the New Laws in 1542<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • the remainder of his life was spent at the Spanish court where he held great influence over Indies-related issues<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in 1550, he participated in the Valladolid debate in which Juan Gin\u00e9s de Sep\u00falveda argued that the Indians were less than human and required Spanish masters in order to become civilized. Las Casas maintained that they were fully human and that forcefully subjugating them was unjustifiable<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Guillaume Raynal<\/span> (1713-1796)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          French writer and iconoclastic Jesuit who in 1770 wrote the popular and controversial \"L'Histoire des deux Indes\", which examined commerce, religion, slavery, and other popular subjects from the perspective of the French Enlightenment<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • it indicated that empires, especially the Spanish and the Portuguese, in colonizing the East and West Indies, were turning their backs on their fundamental purpose of the Enlightenment and were thus eventually doomed to corruption and decline<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the book principally examines the East Indies, South America, the West Indies, and North America<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the full title of the book was \"L'Histoire philosophique et politique des \u00e9tablissements et du commerce des Europ\u00e9ens dans les deux Indes\" and was a ten-volume set and one of the first global histories of the world<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the final chapter comprises theory around the future of Europe as a whole<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • it was translated into the principal European languages<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • its publication in France was forbidden in 1779<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the book was burned by the public executioner, and an order was given for the arrest of the author<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Olaudah Equiano<\/span> (1745-1797)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            A prominent African in London, freed slave who supported the British movement to end the slave trade<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • known in his lifetime as Gustavus Vassa<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • his autobiography, published in 1789 and attracting wide attention, was considered highly influential in gaining passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807, which ended the African trade for Britain and its colonies<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • his last master was Robert King, an American Quaker merchant who allowed Equiano to trade on his own account and purchase his freedom in 1766<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • he settled in England in 1767 and worked and traveled for another 20 years as a seafarer, merchant, and explorer in the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, South and Central America, and the United Kingdom<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Roman Jakobson<\/span> (1896-1982)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Pioneer of the structural analysis of language, which became the dominant trend in linguistics during the first half of the 20th century, Jakobson was among the most influential linguists of the century<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • influenced by the work of Ferdinand de Saussure<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • with Nikolai Trubetzkoy, he developed techniques for the analysis of sound systems in languages, inaugurating the discipline of phonology<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • made numerous contributions to Slavic linguistics, most notably two studies of Russian case and an analysis of the categories of the Russian verb<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • drawing on insights from Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotics, he proposed methods for the investigation of poetry, music, the visual arts, and cinema<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • developed a fascination with language at a very young age<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • as a student he was a leading figure of the Moscow Linguistic Circle and took part in Moscow's active world of avant-garde art and poetry<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1920 relocated to Prague<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • escaped from Prague in 1939 via Berlin for Denmark, where he was associated with the Copenhagen linguistic circle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • fled to Norway on September 1, 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1940 fled to Sweden by walking across the border, where he continued his work at the Karolinska Hospital on aphasia and language competence<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1941 when Swedish colleagues feared a possible German occupation, he managed to leave on a cargo ship to New York City<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in New York, he began teaching at The New School, still closely associated with the Czech \u00e9migr\u00e9 community during that period<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • when the American authorities considered \"repatriating\" him to Europe, it was Franz Boas (German-American anthropologist) who actually saved his life<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1949 Jakobson moved to Harvard University, where he remained until his retirement in 1967<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Hendrick Goltzius<\/span> (1558-1617)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Dibujante, grabador y pintor holand\u00e9s considerado el mejor grabador de los Pa\u00edses Bajos del Manierismo n\u00f3rdico y es reconocido por su t\u00e9cnica sofisticada y la exuberancia de sus composiciones<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • invent\u00f3 muchas im\u00e1genes para que otros las copiaran<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • naci\u00f3 en la municipalidad de Br\u00fcggen en Renania del Norte-Westfalia<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • su familia se mud\u00f3 a Duisburgo cuando ten\u00eda tres a\u00f1os de edad<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • siendo ni\u00f1o, sufri\u00f3 quemaduras en un incendio y su mano derecha le qued\u00f3 lisiada, con los dedos encorvados, pero curiosamente, esta lesi\u00f3n le permitir\u00eda agarrar con m\u00e1s facilidad el buril<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Fra Angelico<\/span> (1390-1455)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Pintor cuatrocentista italiano que supo combinar la vida de fraile dominico con la de pintor consumado, uno de los principales pintores de los principios del\u00a0Renacimiento italiano<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • fue llamado Ang\u00e9lico por su tem\u00e1tica religiosa, la serenidad de sus obras y porque era un hombre de extraordinaria devoci\u00f3n<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • fue beatificado por Juan Pablo II en 1982 pasando a ser el \"Beato Fra Ang\u00e9lico\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • entre las obras importantes de sus comienzos se cuentan la Madonna de la estrella (c. 1428-1433, San Marcos, Florencia) y Cristo en la gloria rodeado de santos y de \u00e1ngeles (National Gallery, Londres)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Sandro Botticelli<\/span> (1445-1510)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Un pintor cuatrocentista italiano, su obra se ha considerado representativa de la gracia lineal de la pintura del primer Renacimiento<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • El nacimiento de Venus y La primavera son dos de las obras maestras florentinas m\u00e1s conocidas<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • en 1481, el Papa Sixto IV llam\u00f3 a toda una serie de artistas prominentes florentinos y umbr\u00edos, entre ellos a Botticelli, para que pintasen frescos en las paredes de la Capilla Sixtina<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • se dice que cay\u00f3 en la pobreza, y que habr\u00eda muerto de hambre si no hubiera sido por la diligente ayuda de sus antiguos patrones<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • realiz\u00f3 entre 150 y 180 obras, pinta numerosas obras religiosas, as\u00ed como grandes composiciones profanas, mitol\u00f3gicas<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • el principal museo que contiene obras de este artista es la Galer\u00eda de los Uffizi de Florencia<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Marie Fran\u00e7ois Xavier Bichat<\/span> (1771-1802)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Un m\u00e9decin et anatomo-pathologiste fran\u00e7ais, qui fait d'immenses recherches anatomiques et publie des ouvrages marquants, notamment Anatomie descriptive pour lequel il a diss\u00e9qu\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 600 cadavres<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • il a d\u00e9fini la vie comme l'ensemble des fonctions qui luttent contre la mort<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • il est nomm\u00e9 m\u00e9decin de l'H\u00f4tel-Dieu, \u00e0 peine \u00e2g\u00e9 de 29 ans<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • il meurt d'une m\u00e9ningite tuberculeuse (1802) \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge de 30 ans<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \u00c9mile Benveniste<\/span> (1902-1976)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A French structural linguist and semiotician best known for his work on Indo-European languages and his expansion of the linguistic paradigm established by Ferdinand de Saussure<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • studied under Antoine Meillet, a former student of Saussure, at the Sorbonne<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • served as the first President of the International Association for Semiotic Studies from 1969 to 1972<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • a pivotal concept in Benveniste's work is the distinction between the \u00e9nonc\u00e9 and the \u00e9nonciation, where the \u00e9nonc\u00e9 is the statement independent of context, and the \u00e9nonciation is the act of stating as tied to context<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Andrea Mantegna<\/span> (1431-1506)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Un pintor que trabaj\u00f3\u00a0en la segunda mitad del siglo XV, fundamentalmente en las ciudades de\u00a0Padua y\u00a0Mantua, en el norte de\u00a0Italia<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • su arte nos ofrece la mejor muestra del entusiasmo que exist\u00eda en la \u00e9poca por la Historia y por el Arte de la antigua Roma<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • uno de los pintores m\u00e1s rigurosos de todo el\u00a0Renacimiento en su fidelidad a los textos y las obras de arte de la Antig\u00fcedad<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • \u00e9l\u00a0mismo estudi\u00f3\u00a0las ruinas romanas que se conservaban<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • pintaba algunos cuadros que en un solo color,\u00a0por ejemplo en la pintura Dido una mezcla de naranja y amarillo<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Gerhard von Honthorst<\/span> (1592-1656)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Dutch Golden Age painter who early in his career visited Rome (1616) where he had great success painting in a style influenced by Caravaggio<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • he was one of four artists from Utrecht who went to Rome at around this time, the others being Dirk van Baburen, Hendrick ter Bruggen, and Jan van Bijlert<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in Rome, he painted \"Christ Before the High Priest\" in 1617<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • he became especially noted for his depiction of artificially lit scenes, receiving the nickname \"Gherardo delle Notti,\" or \"Gerard of the night\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • following his return to the Netherlands he became a leading portrait painter<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • 1624, painted \"Solon in front of Croesus\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Thomas Young<\/span> (1773-1829)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              An English polymath who established the wave theory of light, overcoming the century-old view, expressed in the Isaac Newton's \"Optics\", that light is a particle<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • \"The experiments I am about to relate may be repeated with great ease, whenever the sun shines, and without any other apparatus than is at hand to every one.\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • made notable scientific contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he made a number of original and insightful innovations on the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs (specifically the Rosetta Stone) before Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion eventually expanded on his work<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he was the eldest of ten children in a Quaker family<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • by the age of fourteen Young had learned Greek and Latin and was acquainted with French, Italian, Hebrew, German, Aramaic, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Amharic<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Charles Messier<\/span> (1730-1817)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                French astronomer notable for publishing an astronomical catalog consisting of nebulae and star clusters<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Messier was a comet hunter, and was frustrated by objects which resembled but were not comets, so he compiled a list of these objects in collaboration with his assistant Pierre M\u00e9chain in order to avoid wasting time on them<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • these 100 objects came to be known as the \"Messier objects\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Vesto Slipher<\/span> (1875-1969)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  American astronomer who performed the first measurements of radial velocities for galaxies, providing the empirical basis for the expansion of the universe<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • used spectroscopy to investigate the rotation periods of planets and the composition of planetary atmospheres<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1912, he was the first to observe the shift of spectral lines of galaxies, making him the discoverer of galactic redshifts<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1914, he made the first discovery of the rotation of spiral galaxies<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1929, he discovered the sodium layer, a layer within the Earth's mesosphere of unbound, non-ionized atoms of sodium<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • was responsible for hiring Clyde Tombaugh and supervised the work that led to the discovery of Pluto in 1930<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Cleisthenes<\/span> (570-500 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Referred to by historians as the \"father of Athenian democracy\"<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • after a leaderless, popular revolution overthrew Kleomenes and Isagoras who had gathered with a Spartan garrison in the Acropolis to overthrow Athens, Cleisthenes was recalled from exile to lead the city<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 BC<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • increased the power of the Athenian citizens\u2019 assembly and for reducing the power of the nobility over Athenian politics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • was the maternal grandson of the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Thales of Miletus<\/span> (624-546 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Regarded by Aristotle as the the first philosopher in the Greek tradition, first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses for which he is often referred to as the Father of Science, along with Democritus<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • almost all of the other Pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world without reference to mythology<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • in mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem (any angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • referred to as the first mathematician to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from the city of Miletus on today's western coast of Turkey, he is was also known as one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        William Etty<\/span> (1787-1849)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        English painter, best known for his paintings of nudes<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • copied a great deal from the old masters in the National Gallery<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1816, traveled to Paris and Florence<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1822, made a longer trip to Italy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • from his studies of the Venetian masters he acquired the excellence in color for which his works are chiefly known<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1824, returned to England where his \"Pandora Crowned by the Seasons\" was much praised<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1828 made a member of the Royal Academy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • possessed a great charm of color, especially in the glowing but thoroughly realistic, flesh tints<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • he remains a neglected and underrated artist, one of the few nineteenth-century painters to paint classical subjects successfully<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Miltiedes<\/span> (550-489 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Known for his role in the Battle of Marathon, as well as for his tragic downfall afterwards<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • was elected to serve as one of the ten generals for the Battle of Marathon<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • credited with devising the tactics that defeated the Persians in the Battle of Marathon<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Miltiades was firm in insisting that the Persians be fought immediately, as a siege of Athens would have led to its destruction<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Miltiades had his men march to the end of the Persian archer range, called the \"beaten zone\", then break out in a run straight at the Persian army, which was decisive in defeating the Persians<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • in 489 BCE, Miltiades led an Athenian expedition of seventy ships against the Greek-inhabited islands that were deemed to have supported the Persians<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • attack Paros but failed to take it<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • suffered a grievous leg wound during the campaign and became incapacitated<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • his failure prompted an outcry on his return to Athens, enabling his political rivals to exploit his fall from grace<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • charged with treason, he was sentenced to death, but sent to prison<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he was sent to prison where he died, probably of gangrene from his wound<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Rogier van der Weyden<\/span> (1400-1464)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Fue un pintor flamenco, en 1435 fue nombrado pintor de la ciudad de Bruselas<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • existe documentaci\u00f3n sobre contratos o recibos de pago que permitan asignarle con entera certeza ninguna obra<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • el estaba capaz de crear apariencia de vida gracias a la extraordinaria minuciosidad con que aborda los detalles menudos, como las l\u00e1grimas que escurren por las mejillas, la sombra de las barbas o los bordados de un tejido<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • el rompe los l\u00edmites entre lo real y lo esculpido al situar con frecuencia a sus figuras en espacios inveros\u00edmiles o irreales y agobiantes, con escalas contrarias a la l\u00f3gica, y sin embargo intensamente emotivos y de gran fuerza est\u00e9tica por la armon\u00eda de sus l\u00edneas<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Wilfred Owen<\/span> (1893-1918)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              English poet and soldier and one of the leading poets of the First World War who wrote shocking, realistic war poetry on the horrors of trenches and gas warfare<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in October 1915, he enlisted in the Artists' Rifles Officers' Training Corps<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he held his troops in contempt for their loutish behaviour, and in a letter to his mother described his company as \"expressionless lumps\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in battle, he was blown into the air by a trench mortar, and spent several days lying out next to what he thought was the remains of a fellow officer<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in the hospital, he met Siegfried Sassoon, an encounter that was to transform Owen's life<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in July 1918, Owen returned to active service in France<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • at the end of August 1918, Owen returned to the front line<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Owen was killed in action on 4 November 1918 during the crossing of the Sambre\u2013Oise Canal, exactly one week before the signing of the Armistice<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant the day after his death and was awarded the Military Cross for courage and leadership in battle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • among his best-known works are \"Dulce et Decorum est\", \"Insensibility\", \"Anthem for Doomed Youth\", \"Futility\" and \"Strange Meeting\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Ioannis Kapodistrias<\/span> (1776-1831)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Elected first head of state of independent Greece (1827\u201331) and is considered as the founder of the modern Greek State<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Greek Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • one of the most distinguished politicians and diplomats of Europe<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • born in Corfu<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1727 Greek National Assembly elected him as the first head of state of newly liberated Greece<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1727 toured Europe to rally support for the Greek cause<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 1728 arrived in Aegina on 8 January 1828, the the first time he had ever set foot on the Greek mainland<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Greece was bankrupt and the Greeks were unable to form a united national government<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • from the first capital of Greece, Nafplion, he ushered a new era in the country, which had just been liberated from a 400-year Turkish occupation<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • assassinated in 1831<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • greatly honoured in Greece today<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in 1944 Nikos Kazantzakis wrote the play \"Capodistria\" in his honour, a tragedy in three acts<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • University of Athens is named \"Kapodistrian\" in his honor<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • he is featured on the Greek 20-cent euro coin<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Pindar<\/span> (522-443 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Ancient Greek lyric poet from Thebes from whom of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, we have the best preserved work<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his early-to-middle years of his career coincided with the Persian invasions of Greece in the reigns of Darius and Xerxes<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • an example of his poetry is his first Pythian ode, composed in 470 BC in honor of the Sicilian tyrant Hieron in which he celebrated a series of victories by Greeks against the foreign invaders, Athenian and Spartan-led victories against Persia<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • he was the first Greek poet to reflect on the nature of poetry and on the poet's role in society<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his poetry illustrates the beliefs and values of Archaic Greece at the dawn of the classical period<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his style can challenge the casual reader which is why although he continues to be a much admired, he is largely an unread poet<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Hieronymus Bosch<\/span> (1450-1516)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    An Early Netherlandish painter, work is known for its fantastic imagery, detailed landscapes and illustrations of moral and religious concepts and narratives especially his macabre and nightmarish depictions of hell<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • within his lifetime his work was collected in the Netherlands, Austria, and Spain, and widely copied<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he spent most of his life in the town of 's-Hertogenbosch, though his roots are from Aachen, Germany<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his paintings have been difficult to translate from a modern point of view, attempts to associate instances of modern sexual imagery with fringe sects or the occult have largely failed<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • today he is seen as a hugely individualistic painter with deep insight into man's desires and deepest fears<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his most acclaimed and outstanding work is The Garden of Earthly Delights in the Museo del Prado, Madrid<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Joachim Patinir<\/span> (1480-1524)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A Flemish Northern Renaissance history and landscape painter inventor of the world landscape (Weltlandschaft) painting showing an imaginary panoramic landscape seen from an elevated viewpoint that includes mountains and lowlands, water, and buildings<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • worked in Antwerp, one of the major European commercial cities of the day<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • a friend of Albrecht D\u00fcrer who attended his second wedding and called him \"der gute Landschaftmaler\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • the first Flemish painter to regard himself primarily as a landscape<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Patinir would often let his landscapes dwarf his figures, which were frequently painted by other artists, a specialization that was common at the time in the Low Countries<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • his and the works of Hieronymous Bosch were particularly large<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Aeschylus<\/span> (524-455 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Ancient Greek tragedian who wrote the oldest plays which still survive, together with Sophocles and Euripides<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • often described as the father of tragedy: critics and scholars' knowledge of the genre begins with his work<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • understanding of earlier tragedies is largely based on inferences from his surviving plays<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • according to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in plays to allow conflict among them whereas characters previously had interacted only with the chorus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • only seven of his estimated seventy to ninety plays have survived, including Prometheus Bound<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • at least one of his works, The Persians, was influenced by the Persian invasion of Greece, which took place during his lifetime, the only extant classical Greek tragedy concerned with recent history<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Heinrich Schliemann<\/span> (1822-1890)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          German businessman, who, after making his fortune in America, became an archaeological excavator of Hisarlik, now presumed to be the site of Troy who promoted the belief that the Iliad was based on history<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • an incurable romantic and a hard-headed businessman<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he had colossal energy and a phenomenal memory<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he made his first fortune in Sacramento during the California Gold Rush and eventually acquired United States citizenship<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he spoke and wrote in over a dozen languages, using them as in his career as a businessman in the importing trade<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he claimed that it took him six weeks to learn a language and wrote his diary in the language of whatever country he happened to be in<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • by the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish as well as German<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • but he was also a first-rate fantasist, he couldn't stop making things up which includes the accounts of his excavations<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he became utterly obsessed by Homer's legends and determined to prove that the Trojan War actually happened<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he lived the dream and even divorced his first wife to marry a Greek girl Sophia with whom he had two children whom he named Agamemnon and Andromache<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he used his amassed fortune to finance archeological digs at a time when archeology was in its infancy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he became, in effect, the father of the study of prehistoric Greece<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • today, regarding our historical knowledge of the Trojan War, we are still in the grip of Schliemann's obsessive and fanatical vision, someone who who both made important discoveries as well as misinterpreted much his data, and in the view of many scholars, did so deliberately<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Epaminondas<\/span> (418-362 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • also militarily influential, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • had been praised in his time as an idealist and liberator, but now largely remembered for a decade of campaigning that sapped the strength of the great land powers of Greece and paved the way for the Macedonian conquest<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • has fallen into relative obscurity in modern times, as a mere twenty-seven years after his death, a recalcitrant Thebes was obliterated by Alexander the Great<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Apollonius of Rhodes<\/span> (290-210 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Best known as the author of the Argonautica, an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • his other poems, which survive only in small fragments, concerned the beginnings or foundations of cities, such as Alexandria and Cnidus (modern-day Knidos, Turkey), places of interest to the Ptolemies (the ruling dynasty in Hellenistic Greece from 305-30 BC), whom he served as a scholar and librarian at the Library of Alexandria<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • a literary dispute with Callimachus, another Alexandrian librarian\/poet, is a topic much discussed by modern scholars since it is thought to give some insight into their poetry<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • beyond this, very little is known about him<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Ernest Rutherford<\/span> (1871-1937)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A New Zealand-born British physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in early work he discovered the concept of radioactive half-life, proving that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • his work was done at McGill University in Canada, and is the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 \"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • is widely credited with first \"splitting the atom\" in 1917 in a nuclear reaction between nitrogen and alpha particles, in which he also discovered and named the proton<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Giorgos Seferis<\/span> (1900-1971)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  [\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • a Greek poet-diplomat, one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • he was a career diplomat in the Greek Foreign Service, culminating in his appointment as Ambassador to the UK, a post which he held from 1957 to 1962<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his father was a staunch Venizelist and a supporter of the demotic [\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae] Greek language over katharevousa [\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1], the formal, official language<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • 1914 family moved to Athens, 1918 to 1925, studied law at the Sorbonne<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1922, his home town, Smyrna in Asia Minor, was taken by the Turkish Army after a two-year Greek military campaign on Anatolian soil, after which many Greeks, including Seferis' family, fled from Asia Minor, the sense of being an exile from his childhood home would inform much of Seferis' poetry, showing itself particularly in his interest in the story of Odysseus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1967, when the repressive nationalist, right-wing Regime of the Colonels took power in Greece, followed by two years marked by widespread censorship, political detentions and torture, Seferis took a stand against the regime by making a public statement that \"This anomaly must end\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Seferis did not live to see the end of the junta, but he become a popular hero for his resistance to the regime<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Paul Dirac<\/span> (1902-1984)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics, and predicted the existence of antimatter<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation, which describes the behavior of fermions (quarks and leptons [electrons])<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • also did work that forms the basis of modern attempts to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he was the first to develop quantum field theory, which underlies all theoretical work on sub-atomic or elementary particles today, work that is fundamental to our understanding of the forces of nature<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he proposed and investigated the concept of a magnetic monopole, an object that was not yet known empirically, as a means of bringing even greater symmetry to James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Cimon<\/span> (510-450 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      [KEE-mon]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Athenian statesman and military general in mid-5th century BC Greece, played a key role in creating the powerful Athenian maritime empire following the failure of the Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes I in 480-479 BC<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • son of Miltiades, the victor of the Battle of Marathon<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • elevated to the rank of admiral after fighting in the Battle of Salamis (against Persian Empire in 480 BC)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • one of his greatest exploits was his destruction of a Persian fleet and army at the Battle of the Eurymedon river in 466 BC (now the K\u00f6pr\u00fc\u00e7ay river in Turkey)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Themistocles<\/span> (524-459 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        [\u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Athenian politician and general, one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • elected archon in 493 BC, he convinced the polis to increase the naval power of Athens<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • during the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, possibly one of the 10 Athenian generals in that battle<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          King Archelaus I of Macedon<\/span> (469-399 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          [\u1f08\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03c2]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • king of Macedon from 413 to 399 BC, he was a capable and beneficent ruler, known for the sweeping changes he made in state administration, the military, commerce, and the arts<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • moved the Macedonian capital from Aigae to Pella and founded Macedonian Olympian Games in Dion, among other reasons because the Greek Olympic Games were forbidden to barbarians, or outsiders, including the Macedonians<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • completely reverse Macedon's relationship with Athens, as they experienced a crushing defeat at Syracuse in late 413 during which most of their ships were destroyed, Archelaus generously supplied the Athenians with the timber they needed to rebuild<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • issued high quality coinage<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • was a man of culture and extended cultural and artistic contacts with southern Greece<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • hosted great poets, tragedians, including Agathon [\u1f08\u03b3\u03ac\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd] (no works survived) and Euripides (who wrote his tragedies Archelaus and The Bacchae while in Macedon), as well as musicians and painters, including Zeuxis (no works survived), the most celebrated painter of the time<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Penelope Delta<\/span> (1874-1941)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Greek author of teenage literature, sister of Antonis Benakis<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • her historical novels have been widely read and influenced Greek popular perceptions on national identity and history<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • through her long-time association with Ion Dragoumis, Delta was thrust in the middle of the turbulent early 20th-century Greek politics, from the Macedonian Struggle to the National Schism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • was born in Alexandria, Egypt where her brother Antonis' Tom Sawyer-like mischiefs she immortalized in her book Trellantonis<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in Athens, she married a wealthy Phanariote entrepreneur, Stephanos Delta, with whom she had three daughters<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Delta moved to Frankfurt, Germany in 1906, when her husband went to run the offices of the Khoremis-Benakis cotton business there, and her first novel Gia tin Patrida (For the Sake of the Fatherland) was published in 1909<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • she corresponded with historian Gustave Schlumberger, a renowned specialist on the Byzantine Empire<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • her long correspondence with Bishop Chrysanthos, Metropolitan of Trebizond, provided the material for her 1925 book, The Life of Christ<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1913 the Deltas returned to Alexandria yet again, and then in 1916 she settled permanently in Athens, where her father became Mayor of Athens<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • she would famously forbid her grandchildren from visiting her during the day, when she was writing, but would then spend the entire evening with them, reading to them what she had written that day, in lieu of bedtime stories<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Penelope committed suicide on the day German troops entered Athens in World War II<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Alessandro Scarlatti<\/span> (1660-1725)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Italian Baroque composer, famous for his operas and chamber cantatas, and considered the founder of the Neapolitan school of opera<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • it is said that modern opera begins with Scarlatti and the history of modern music commences with the Neapolitan school, insofar as that music speaks the language of the feelings, emotions, and passions<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1702 Scarlatti left Naples and did not return until the Spanish domination had been superseded by that of the Austrians<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • lived and composed in both Naples and Rome<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Scarlatti's music forms an important link between the early Baroque Italian vocal styles of the 17th century, with their centers in Florence, Venice and Rome, and the classical school of the 18th century<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he shows an almost modern understanding of the psychology of modulation (changing form one tonic to another) and also frequently makes use of the various phrase lengths<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • was the father of two other composers, Domenico Scarlatti and Pietro Filippo Scarlatti<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Emmanuel Rhoides<\/span> (1836-1904)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Greek writer and journalist who wrote a controversial novel about the legend of Pope Joan, supposed female pope who reigned some time in the ninth or tenth century<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • born in Hermoupolis, the capital of the island of Syros, to a family of rich aristocrats from Chios who had fled the island after the massacre of its population by the Ottomans in 1822<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • spent much of his youth abroad<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • erudite at a young age and mastered not only the languages of continental Europe, but also ancient Greek and Latin<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • studied history, literature and philosophy in Berlin<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • obeying a parental wish, he moved to Athens<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • later in life became very poor<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • bankruptcy of the family business, suicide of his brother Nicholas<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • eked out existence at curator for the National Library of Greece<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • dismissed in 1902 when he got into a political dispute with the government<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • suffered all through his life from a serious hearing problem<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in his book The Papess Joanne [\u1f29 \u03a0\u03ac\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f38\u03c9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1] included scathing attacks on what he viewed as an uneducated, uncultured, superstitious and backward clergy, led to Rhoides's excommunication from the Greek Orthodox Church<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • adopted a clear-cut critical stance against the romanticism in literature and poetry and often was poignant and sarcastic to the romance writers and poets of his time<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • became the first to translate the works of Edgar Allan Poe into Greek<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Peter Paul Rubens<\/span> (1577-1640)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Flemish Baroque painter, proponent of an extravagant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality, known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • ran large studio in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • classically educated humanist scholar and diplomat<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his father and mother fled Antwerp for Cologne in 1568<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • later his father became legal advisor and lover to Anna of Saxony<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • after his father was released from prison for the affair, Peter Paul Rubens was born, his father died, he moved back to Antwerp and was raised Catholic<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • while Rubens received a humanist education, studying Latin and classical literature, religion naturally figured prominently in much of his work and he later became one of the leading voices of the Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Peter Abelard<\/span> (1079-1142)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, logician, and composer, described as the keenest thinker and boldest theologian of the 12th Century<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • born near Nantes in Brittany, his father, a wealthy lord, encouraged Pierre to study the liberal arts, wherein he excelled at the art of dialectic, which, at that time, consisted chiefly of the logic of Aristotle transmitted through Latin channels<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • instead of entering a military career, as his father had done, Abelard became an academic<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • during his early academic pursuits, Abelard wandered throughout France, debating and learning<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • around 1100, Abelard's travels brought him to Paris to the cathedral school of Notre-Dame de Paris before the current cathedral was built<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • a champion logician, Abelard attracted throngs to his lectures and public debates in Paris and the surrounding wilderness, where students would camp for days to hear him speak, he was bold, original, lucid, sharply polemical, always fresh and stimulating<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Abelard reached teh height of his fame just as the University of Paris emerged, exemplifying the idea of professor-centered education<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his affair with and love for H\u00e9lo\u00efse d'Argenteuil has become legendary<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • \"God considers not the action, but the spirit of the action. It is the intention, not the deed wherein the merit or praise of the doer consists.\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • \"The first key to wisdom is assiduous and frequent questioning.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Aspasia<\/span> (470-400 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Influential immigrant to Classical Athens who was the lover and partner of the statesman Pericles<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • her house became an intellectual center in Athens, attracting the most prominent writers and thinkers, including the philosopher Socrates<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Aspasia was mentioned in the writing of philosophers Plato, Aristophanes, and Xenophon<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Aspasia's role in history provides crucial insight to the understanding of the women of ancient Greece, as very little is known about women from her time period<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • \"to ask questions about Aspasia's life is to ask questions about half of humanity\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • in Athens Aspasia became a hetaera and probably ran a brothel<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Hetaerae were professional high-class entertainers, as well as courtesans, and besides displaying physical beauty, they differed from most Athenian women in being educated, having independence, and paying taxes.<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • being a foreigner and possibly a hetaera, Aspasia was free of the legal restraints that traditionally confined married women to their homes, and thereby was allowed to participate in the public life of the city<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Northrop Frye<\/span> (1912-1991)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, his lasting reputation rests principally on the theory of literary criticism that he developed in Anatomy of Criticism (1957)<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Frye rose to international prominence as a result of his first book, Fearful Symmetry, published in 1947, until then, the prophetic poetry of William Blake had long been poorly understood, and considered by some to be delusional ramblings<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • found in Blake a system of metaphor derived from Paradise Lost and the Bible<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • was a major influence on Harold Bloom, Margaret Atwood, and others<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • gained international fame with his first book, Fearful Symmetry (1947), which led to the reinterpretation of the poetry of William Blake<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Anatomy of Criticism is one of the most important works of literary theory published in the twentieth century<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • considered one of the most influential literary critics of the 20th century<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Demosthenes<\/span> (384-322 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          A prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • spent most of his productive years to opposing Macedon's expansion<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • idealized his city and strove throughout his life to restore Athens's supremacy and motivate his compatriots against Philip II of Macedon<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • after Philip's death, Demosthenes played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Alexander's successor in this region, Antipater, sent his men to track Demosthenes down. Demosthenes took his own life, in order to avoid being arrested<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • a boy Demosthenes had a speech impediment, but he undertook a disciplined program to overcome his weaknesses and improve his delivery, including diction, voice and gestures<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Plutarch: \"The divine power seems originally to have designed Demosthenes and Cicero upon the same plan, giving them many similarities in their natural characters, as their passion for distinction and their love of liberty in civil life, and their want of courage in dangers and war, and at the same time also to have added many accidental resemblances. I think there can hardly be found two other orators, who, from small and obscure beginnings, became so great and mighty; who both contested with kings and tyrants; both lost their daughters, were driven out of their country, and returned with honor; who, flying from thence again, were both seized upon by their enemies, and at last ended their lives with the liberty of their countrymen.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Epictetus<\/span> (55-135 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            [\u1f18\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Greek speaking Stoic philosopher, lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in north-western Greece for the rest of his life<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • all external events are determined by fate, and are thus beyond our control<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • however, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • the foundation of all philosophy is self-knowledge, that is, the conviction of our ignorance and gullibility ought to be the first subject of our study<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • no writings of Epictetus himself are known, but his pupil Arrian compiled The Discourses of Epictetus in which he noted that he wrote down \"whatever I heard him say, word for word, as best I could, endeavouring to preserve it as a memorial, for my own future use, of his way of thinking and the frankness of his speech.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Vicente Mart\u00edn y Soler<\/span> (1754-1806)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Spanish composer of opera and ballet in his day compared favorably with his contemporary, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, as a composer of opera buffa<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • born in Valencia and studied music in Bologna under Giovanni Battista Martini<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he has been called the Valencian Mozart<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1777, he travelled to Naples, where he composed for the Teatro di San Carlo<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1785 he moved to Vienna, where he enjoyed great success with three operas composed to texts by Lorenzo Da Ponte, who was simultaneously collaborating with Mozart and Antonio Salieri<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • the three comedies were Una cosa rara (1786), Il burbero di buon cuore (1786), and L'arbore di Diana (1787)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1788, Soler was invited to the Russian court at St. Petersburg, where he wrote three Russian language operas: The Unfortunate Hero Kosmetovich (1789), Melomania (1790), and Fedul and his Children (1791)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • moving to London for the 1795, including La capricciosa corretta (the libretto again by Lorenzo Da Ponte and partly adapted from Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew)<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Boethius<\/span> (480-524 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                A Roman senator and philosopher who was imprisoned and executed by King Theodoric the Great, but not before composing his Consolation of Philosophy, a philosophical treatise on fortune and death which became one of the most popular and influential works of the Middle Ages<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • born in Rome to a patrician family<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • both his father, and after his father died, his adopted father were fluent in Greek, an increasingly rare skill at the time in the Western Empire<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • he may have studied in either Athens or Alexandria<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • entered the service of Theodoric the Great at a young age and was already a senator by the age of 25<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in 522 accepted the appointment to the position of magister officiorum, the head of all the government and court services<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 523 fell from power, imprisonment in Pavia<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • 524 was executed<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • he wrote The Consolation of Philosophy while awaiting his execution, which has the form of an imaginary dialogue between himself and philosophy, with philosophy personified as a woman, the work argues that despite the apparent inequality of the world, there is, in Platonic fashion, a higher power and everything else is secondary to that divine Providence<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • beyond Consolation of Philosophy, his lifelong project was a deliberate attempt to preserve ancient classical knowledge, particularly philosophy, it is said he intended to translate all the works of Aristotle and Plato from the original Greek into Latin<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Pierre de Ronsard<\/span> (1524-1585)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  French poet, leader of the Renaissance poetic society La Pl\u00e9iade<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • was educated at home in his earliest years and at the age of nine was sent to the Coll\u00e8ge de Navarre, which rivaled the Sorbonne and was renowned for its library<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his promising diplomatic career was cut short by an attack of deafness<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • determined to devote himself to study for a period of seven years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • became principle member of La Pl\u00e9iade, a group whose aim was to break with earlier traditions of French poetry, especially Marot and the grands rh\u00e9toriqueurs, represent the French language as a worthy language for literary expression, to ennoble the French language by imitating the Ancients<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • popularity in his own time was overwhelming and immediate, and his prosperity was unbroken<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • it was his fortune to be almost always extravagantly admired or violently attacked, especially by followers of Marot and the Huguenots, all which increased his popularity<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • the rapid change of sovereigns did Ronsard no harm<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Charles IX, King of France, gave him rooms in his palace, bestowed upon him diverse abbacies and priories, and referred to him as his master in poetry<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Carl von Clausewitz<\/span> (1780-1831)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the moral, psychological, and political aspects of war in his book \"On War\" (\"Vom Kriege\")<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • a realist and, while in some respects a romantic, also drew heavily on the rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • stressed the dialectical interaction of diverse factors, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the \"fog of war\", that in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often completely erroneous information and high levels of fear, doubt, and excitement, nevertheless call for rapid decisions by alert commanders<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • \"War is the continuation of politics by other means.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Henri Poincar\u00e9<\/span> (1854-1912)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A French mathematician, theoretical physicist and the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system, which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology, the study of a collection of open sets, the area of mathematics concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations such as stretching and bending<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • his work at the Bureau des Longitudes on establishing international time zones led him to consider how clocks at rest on the Earth, which would be moving at different speeds relative to absolute space could be synchronised<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • his sister married philosopher \u00c9mile Boutroux who held that the idea that religion and science are compatible at a time when the power of science was rising<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • his cousin, Raymond Poincar\u00e9, became the President of France, 1913 to 1920<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • he is buried at the Cimeti\u00e8re du Montparnasse in Paris<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • \"Science is built of facts the way a house is built of bricks, but an accumulation of facts is no more science than a pile of bricks is a house.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Guido of Arezzo<\/span> (991-1033)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Italian music theorist regarded as the inventor of modern musical notation, or staff notation, that replaced neumatic notation<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • his text, the Micrologus, was the second-most-widely distributed treatise in the Middle Ages, after the writings of Boethius<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • was a monk of the Benedictine order from the Italian city-state of Arezzo<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • his early career was spent at the monastery of Pomposa, on the Adriatic coast near Ferrara, where he noted the difficulty that singers had in remembering Gregorian chants and developed methods for them to better memorize the chants<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • after moving to Arezzo, he developed new techniques for teaching, such as staff notation and the use of the \"ut\u2013re\u2013mi\u2013fa\u2013so\u2013la\" (do\u2013re\u2013mi\u2013fa\u2013so\u2013la) mnemonic syllables which are taken from the initial syllables of each of the first six half-lines of the first stanza of the hymn \"Ut queant laxis\": (1) Ut queant lax\u012bs, (2) reson\u0101re f\u012bbr\u012bs, (3) M\u012bra gest\u00f5rum, (4) famul\u012b tu\u00f5rum, (5) Solve poll\u016bt\u012b, (6) labi\u012b re\u0101tum<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Averroes<\/span> (1126-1198)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          [ah-VAIR-oh-eez]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • a medieval Andalusian polymath known for attempting to reconcile Aristotelian thought with Islam, and who wrote on logic, theology, psychology, political theory, geography, mathematics, and the medieval sciences of medicine, astronomy, and physics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Averroes was born in C\u00f3rdoba to a family with a long and well-respected tradition of legal and public service<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the 13th-century philosophical movement based on Averroes's work is called Averroism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Averroes's philosophical ideas were considered controversial in Ash'arite Muslim circles, whereas al-Ghazali believed that any individual act of a natural phenomenon occurred only because God willed it to happen, Averroes insisted phenomena followed natural laws that God created<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Averroes had a greater impact on Christian Europe, where he has been described as the founding father of secular thought in Western Europe<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Latin translations of Averroes's work led the way to the popularization of Aristotle<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Avicenna<\/span> (980-1037)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            [ah-vih-SEN-ah]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age who wrote 450 works, around 240 which have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • his most famous works are The Book of Healing, a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia, which became a standard medical text at many medieval universities and remained in use as late as 1650<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings on astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics and poetry<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Avicenna was born in a village near Bukhara, present-day Uzbekistan, which was the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • the story is told of Avicenna that \"as a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work: forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory, but their meaning was still obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Al-Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams, and so great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Al-Farabi<\/span> (872-951)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Renowned medieval philosopher, scientist, and mathematician is credited with preserving the original Greek texts during the Middle Ages because of his commentaries and treaties<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Al-Farabi spent almost his entire life in Baghdad, but at the end of his life traveled to Egypt, then to Syria where he was supported by Sayf al-Dawla, the ruler of the Hamdanid dynasty (890-1004), where he died in Damascus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • as a philosopher, Al-Farabi led a school of thought that breaks with the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and moves from metaphysics to methodology, a move that anticipates modernity<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • one of his most notable works is Al-Madina al-Fadila in which he theorized an ideal state as in Plato's The Republic, but regarded the ideal state to be ruled by the prophet-imam, instead of the philosopher-king envisaged by Plato<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in the area of physics, Al-Farabi wrote a short treatise \"On Vacuum\", where he thought about the nature of the existence of void, and may have carried out the first experiments concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he had a great influence on science and philosophy for several centuries, and was widely considered second only to Aristotle in knowledge in his time<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • although mainly an Aristotelian logician, he created and included a number of non-Aristotelian elements in his works<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he wrote a book on music titled Kitab al-Musiqa in which he presents philosophical principles about music, its cosmic qualities, and its influences<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in the area of social psychology, he argued that \"an isolated individual could not achieve all the perfections by himself, without the aid of other individuals,\" and that it is the \"innate disposition of every man to join another human being or other men in the labor he ought to perform\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Seneca the Younger<\/span> (4-65 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • his elder brother was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, called Gallio in the Bible, who dismissed the charge brought by the Jews against the Apostle Paul<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • born in Cordoba, Spain, raised in Rome where he was trained in rhetoric and philosophy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • from 54 to 62 AD, Seneca acted as Nero's advisor together with Burrus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • over time, Seneca and Burrus lost their influence over the emperor<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in 59 they had reluctantly agreed to Agrippina's murder<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seneca wrote a exculpation of Nero to the Senate<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Following Burrus' death in 62, Seneca became the subject of criticism by what Tacitus describes as Nero's \"more disreputable advisers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seneca requested an audience with Nero in which he sought permission to retire from public duties, pleading age and infirmity<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • the two men parted on apparently warm terms<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seneca subsequently adopted a quiet lifestyle on his country estates, concentrating on his studies and seldom visiting Rome<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in AD 65, Seneca was caught up in the aftermath of the Pisonian conspiracy, a plot to kill Nero<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Nero ordered Seneca to kill himself, which he did by cutting his veins and bleeding to death in a bathtub<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • his wife Pompeia Paulina attempted to share his fate but was saved<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • the early Christian Church was very favorably disposed towards Seneca and his writings<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • believed Seneca had been converted to the Christian faith by Saint Paul<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • some regarded his fatal bath as a kind of disguised baptism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Dante placed Seneca in the First Circle of Hell, or Limbo<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seneca makes an appearance as a character in Monteverdi's opera L'incoronazione di Poppea<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Seneca remains one of the few popular Roman philosophers from the period in which he lived<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • he appears in Chaucer and Petrarch<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in the Renaissance, printed editions and translations of his works became common, including an edition by Erasmus and a commentary by John Calvin<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • The Death of Seneca is a 1773 painting by Jacques-Louis David, now in the Petit Palais in Paris<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • works we have from him are 12 philosophical essays, 124 letters dealing with moral issues, 9 tragedies, and a satire<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Wilhelm Wundt<\/span> (1832-1920)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • viewed psychology as a science apart from biology and philosophy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • first person to ever call himself a psychologist<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • regarded as the father of experimental psychology<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1879, founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig, which marked psychology as an independent field of study<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • explored the nature of religious beliefs, identified mental disorders and abnormal behavior, and identified damaged parts of the brain<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • concentrated on three areas of mental functioning: thoughts, images and feelings, which are the basic areas studied today in Cognitive psychology<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Adam Mickiewicz<\/span> (1798-1855)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator, professor of Slavic literature, and political activist, regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted one of Poland's \"Three Bards\", the other two being Juliusz S\u0142owacki and Zygmunt Krasi\u0144ski<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • widely regarded as Poland's greatest poet<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • chiefly known for the poetic drama Dziady (Forefathers' Eve) and the national epic poem Pan Tadeusz as well as Konrad Wallenrod and Gra\u017cyna<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his work served as inspiration for uprisings against the three imperial powers Prussia, Russia and Austria who had partitioned the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 1772 out of existence<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • born in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • was active in the struggle to win independence for his home region<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • was exiled to Russia and lived the rest of his life abroad<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • settled first in Rome, then in Paris, where he lectured on Slavic literature at the Coll\u00e8ge de France<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he died in Istanbul where he had gone to help organize Polish and Jewish forces to fight Russia in the Crimean War<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his remains are in the Wawel Cathedral in Krak\u00f3w<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Giulio Romano<\/span> (1499-1546)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Italian painter and architect, pupil of Raphael, his stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th-century style known as Mannerism<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting to Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • while High Renaissance explored harmonious ideals, Mannerism wanted to go a step further<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • favors compositional tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor said of him: For the city of Mantua at various times he designed temples, chapels, houses, gardens, facades, and was so fond of decorating them that, by his industry, he rendered dry, healthy and pleasant places previously miry, full of stagnant water, and almost uninhabitable<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Pietro Perugino<\/span> (1446-1523)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance, his first pupil was Raphael<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • is nickname characterizes him as from Perugia, the chief city of Umbria<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • he was born Pietro Vannucci, the Vannucci being one of the richest families in the town<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • one of the earliest Italian practitioners of oil painting<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • was called to Rome by Sixtus IV to paint fresco panels for the Sistine Chapel walls<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Raphael, who in boyhood, towards 1496, had been placed by his uncles under the tuition of Perugino<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Perugino was a rival of Michelangelo and unsuccessfully sued Michaelangelo for belittling his character<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in 1523 he died of the plague<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Leopold van Ranke<\/span> (1795-1886)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          German historian and a founder of modern source-based history<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • implemented the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and analysis of historical documents<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • set standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), emphasis on narrative history, and especially international politics (Au\u00dfenpolitik)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Ranke rejected the teleological approach to history, by which each period is considered inferior to the period which follows, thus, the Middle Ages were not inferior to the Renaissance, but must be considered on their own terms<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Queen Hatshepsut<\/span> (1507-1458 BC)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            The fifth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who ruled jointly with her son, Thutmose III, who had ascended to the throne as one-year-old child after the death of his father<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • instead of being satisfied as the queen mother who was in charge until her son grew up, Hatshepsut actually took over the office of pharaoh<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • while women had a relatively high status in ancient Egypt and enjoyed the legal right to own, inherit, or will property, a woman becoming pharaoh was rare<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • she was successful in warfare early in her reign, but generally is considered to be a pharaoh who inaugurated a long peaceful era<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • reestablished the trade networks<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • one of the most prolific builders in ancient Egypt, commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, and of course her own temple, the Temple of Hatshepsut<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • \"the first great woman in history of whom we are informed\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Jean Baptiste Lully<\/span> (1632-1687)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              [loo-LEE]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Italian-born French composer, instrumentalist, and dancer who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France, considered a master of the French baroque style<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • came from Florence to France in 1646 at the age of 14 to be the Italian tutor for one of the king's cousins, and became a French subject at age 30<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • appointed the court composer of instrumental music<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • charged with creating a new kind of French opera different than Italian opera, refined it with elegant ornamentation and created French overtures with their majestic rhythms<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • strict and known for instilling discipline in his orchestra, e.g. demanded uniform bowing in which all bows in a string section must move up and down at the same time<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Lully's music is known for its power, liveliness in its fast movements and its deep emotional character in its slower movements<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • some of his most popular works are dance movements found in many of his works such as Armide or Pha\u00ebton<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Giovanni Bellini<\/span> (1430-1516)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Italian Renaissance painter considered to have revolutionized Venetian painting, moving it towards a more sensuous and coloristic style<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • is the best known painter of the Bellini family<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • was the brother-in-law of Andrea Mantegna<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • through the use of clear, slow-drying oil paints, Giovanni created deep, rich tints and detailed shadings<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • his sumptuous coloring and fluent, atmospheric landscapes had a great effect on the Venetian painting school, especially on his pupils Giorgione and Titian<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  George Gamow<\/span> (1904-1968)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Ukranian-American theoretical physicist and cosmologist, an early advocate of Lema\u00eetre's Big Bang theory. He discovered a theoretical explanation of alpha decay via quantum tunneling, and worked on radioactive decay of the atomic nucleus, star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis and molecular genetics.<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in the middle of his career, Gamow focused more on teaching and became well known as an author of popular books on science including \"One Two Three . . . Infinity: Facts and Speculations of Science\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Gamow was born in Odessa, which was then part of the Russian Empire<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his father taught Russian language and literature in high school<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in addition to Russian, Gamow learned to speak French from his mother and German from a tutor, he learned fluent English in his college years and later<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • most of his early publications were in German or Russian, but he later switched to writing in English for both technical papers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1932, Gamow made two attempts to defect from the Soviet Union with his wife which involved trying to kayak, first a planned 250-kilometer paddle over the Black Sea to Turkey, and another attempt from Murmansk to Norway, but poor weather foiled both attempts, yet they had not been noticed by the authorities<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • he and his wife eventually escaped the Soviet Union by attending together the 7th Solvay Conference on physics in Belgium<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Gamow eventually moved to the United States, worked at George Washington University from 1934 until 1954, when he became a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1956, he moved to the University of Colorado Boulder, where he remained for the rest of his career, and is buried in Green Mountain Cemetery, Boulder, Colorado<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    John William Waterhouse<\/span> (1849-1917)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A 19th century English painter known for working in the Pre-Raphaelite style, a movement to reform art by rejecting what it considered the mechanistic approach first adopted by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Waterhouse was born in the city of Rome to the English painters William and Isabella Waterhouse in 1849<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he later moved to London, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Art<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • borrowed from both the Pre-Raphaelite and Impressionist styles<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • often depicted scenes from the daily life and mythology of ancient Greece<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1883 he married Esther Kenworthy, the daughter of an art schoolmaster from Ealing who had exhibited her own flower-paintings at the Royal Academy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in total he produced 118 paintings.<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his grave can be found at Kensal Green Cemetery in London<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Henryk Sienkiewicz<\/span> (1846-1916)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Polish journalist, novelist and the Nobel Prize laureate, best remembered for his historical novels, especially for his internationally known best-seller Quo Vadis<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • born into an impoverished Polish noble family in Russian-ruled Poland<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • in the late 1870s he traveled to the United States, sending back travel essays that won him popularity with Polish readers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • became one of the most popular Polish writers of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • in 1905 received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his \"outstanding merits as an epic writer\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • in Poland he is best known for his \"Trilogy\" of historical novels: With Fire and Sword, The Deluge, and Sir Michael, set in the 17th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth;<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • internationally he is best known for Quo Vadis, set in Nero's Rome<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Dante Gabriel Rossetti<\/span> (1828-1882)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        English poet, illustrator, painter translator, and founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848, his art characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism.<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • his early poetry was influenced by John Keats<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • his later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling, especially in his sonnet sequence, as in The House of Life<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • he frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • son of \u00e9migr\u00e9 Italian scholar Gabriele Pasquale Giuseppe Rossetti, he was born in London, and named Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • as a youth, he described himself as self-possessed, articulate, passionate and charismatic, but also ardent, poetic and feckless<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in 1850, Rossetti met Elizabeth Siddal, an important model for the Pre-Raphaelite painters, and over the next decade, she became his muse, his pupil, and his passion, and they were married in 1860<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in 1860, Rossetti returned to oil painting, abandoning the dense medieval compositions of the 1850s in favour of powerful close-up images of women in flat pictorial spaces characterised by dense color<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Monty Bloom once explained his obsession with Rossetti's portraits: \"They are not real women. They are dreams. He used them for something in his mind caused by the death of his wife. I may be quite wrong there, but significantly they all came after the death of his wife.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko<\/span> (1746-1817)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          A Polish\u2013Lithuanian military engineer and a military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • age 20, he graduated from the Corps of Cadets in Warsaw<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • after the outbreak of a civil war in Poland in 1768, he moved to France in 1769 to pursue his studies<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • returned to Poland in 1774, two years after the First Partition of Poland<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • attempted to elope with his employer's daughter and was severely beaten by the father's retainers<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • returned to France in 1776, then moved to North America, where he took part in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • designed and oversaw the construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at West Point, New York<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • in recognition of his services, the Continental Congress promoted him to brigadier general<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • returned to Poland in 1784 where he was commissioned a major general in the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth Army<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • after the Polish\u2013Russian War of 1792 resulted in the Second Partition of Poland, he organized an uprising against Russia in March 1794<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • the defeat of the this uprising led to Poland's Third Partition in 1795, which ended the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth's independent existence for 123 years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • in 1796, following the death of Catherine the Great, Ko\u015bciuszko was pardoned by her successor, Paul I, and he emigrated to the United States<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • a close friend of Thomas Jefferson, with whom he shared ideals of human rights, Ko\u015bciuszko wrote a will in 1798 dedicating his American assets to the education and freedom of U.S. slaves<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • eventually returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland until his death in 1817<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Stefan George<\/span> (1868-1933)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            German poet, editor, and translator whose poetry is characterized by an aristocratic and remote ethos, his verse formal in style, lyrical in tone, and often arcane in language, being influenced by Greek classical forms, in revolt against the realist trend in German literature at the time<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • believing that the purpose of poetry was distance from the world\u2014he was a strong advocate of art for art's sake<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • his writing had many ties with the French Symbolist movement and he was in contact with many of its representatives, including St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 (incluenced by Charles Baudelaire) and Paul Verlaine<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • George was an important bridge between the 19th century and German modernism, even though he was a harsh critic of the then modern era<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • he experimented with various poetic metres, punctuation, obscure allusions and typography<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • George's evident homosexuality is reflected in works such as Algabal and the love poetry he devoted to a gifted adolescent of his acquaintance named Maximilian Kronberger<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Algabal is one of George's best remembered collections of poetry, if also one of his strangest; the title is a reference to the effete Roman emperor Elagabalus.<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • George was also an important translator, translating Dante, Shakespeare and Baudelaire into German<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • George was thought of by his contemporaries as a prophet and a priest, while he thought of himself as a messiah of a new kingdom that would be led by intellectual or artistic elites, bonded by their faithfulness to a strong leader<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • the group of writers and admirers that formed around him were known as the Georgekreis<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Albert Speer said of him, that he radiated dignity and pride and a kind of priestliness... there was something magnetic about him<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • his poetry emphasized self-sacrifice, heroism and power, and he thus gained popularity in National Socialist circles<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • although many National Socialists claimed George as an important influence, George himself was aloof from such associations and did not get involved in politics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, George left Germany for Switzerland where he died the same year<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1933 after the Nazi takeover Joseph Goebbels offered him the presidency of a new Academy for the arts, which he refused<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • after his death, his body was interred before a delegation from the National Socialist government could attend the ceremony<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • many of the leading members of the German Resistance to the Nazis were drawn from among his followers, notably the Stauffenberg brothers who were introduced to George by the poet and classical scholar Albrecht von Blumenthal<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Alkuin<\/span> (735-804)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Ein fr\u00fchmittelalterlicher Gelehrter und wichtigster Berater Karls des Gro\u00dfen<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • war Sch\u00fcler der weit \u00fcber die britischen Inseln hinaus anerkannten Domschule in York und sp\u00e4ter deren Leiter<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • im Jahre 781 traf er Karl den Gro\u00dfen in Parma und akzeptierte dessen Einladung, zu ihm an die Hofschule nach Aachen zu kommen, deren Leitung er ab 782 \u00fcbernahm, wodurch er gro\u00dfen Einfluss auf die Elite des Frankenreichs aus\u00fcbte<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • obwohl er als gr\u00f6\u00dfter Gelehrter seiner Zeit galt, konnte er sich mit seinen Vorstellungen nicht immer durchsetzen<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • er wandte sich vergeblich gegen die Gewaltanwendung bei der Missionierung der Sachsen<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • er sah in Karl den Gro\u00dfen den Verteidiger der Kirche und Herrscher \u00fcber ein christliches Universalreich<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • er gilt als einer der Begr\u00fcnder der Karolingischen Renaissance<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • ist mitverantwortlich f\u00fcr die Verbreitung der karolingischen Minuskel, einer aus Kleinbuchstaben bestehenden Schrift<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • sein Schaffen war von umfassender Leistung auf allen Gebieten der fr\u00fchmittelalterlichen Wissenschaft gepr\u00e4gt<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • weiterhin erhalten sind Gedichte, Predigten, historiographische, biographische, theologische Werke sowie Abhandlungen \u00fcber Rhetorik, Dialektik und Astronomie<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Anthony van Dyck<\/span> (1599-1641)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England, after enjoying great success in Italy and Flanders<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • most famous for his portraits of Charles I of England and his family and court, painted with a relaxed elegance that was to be the dominant influence on English portrait-painting for the next 150 years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • also painted biblical and mythological subjects<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • born to prosperous parents in Antwerp<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • at the age of fifteen he was already a highly accomplished artist<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Rubens referred to the nineteen-year-old van Dyck as the best of my pupils<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in 1620, van Dyck went to England for the first time where he worked for King James I of England<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in 1621, he moved to Italy, where he remained for 6 years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • since his accession in 1625, Charles I was trying to bring leading foreign painters to England<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in 1632, van Dyck returned to London, and was taken under the wing of the court immediately, being knighted in July<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • was an immediate success in England, rapidly painting a large number of portraits of the King and Queen Henrietta Maria, as well as their children<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in England he developed a version of his style which combined a relaxed elegance and ease with an understated authority in his subjects which was to dominate English portrait-painting to the end of the 18th century<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Andr\u00e9 Gide<\/span> (1869-1951)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947, involved in the symbolist and anticolonialism movement between the two World Wars<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • exposes to public view the conflict and eventual reconciliation of the two sides of his personality, split apart by a straitlaced education and a narrow social moralism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his work can be seen as an investigation of freedom and empowerment in the face of moralistic and puritanical constraints<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his work centres on his continuous effort to achieve intellectual honesty<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • his texts reflect his search of how to be fully oneself, even to the point of owning one's sexual nature, without at the same time betraying one's values<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein<\/span> (1757-1831)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A Prussian statesman who introduced the Prussian reforms that paved the way for the unification of Germany, promoting the establishment of a modern municipal system and the abolition of serfdom<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • was born on the family estate near Nassau, studied at G\u00f6ttingen<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Prussian conservatism hampered him in his efforts to bring about changes<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • when it became known that he had written a letter in which he criticized Napoleon, Stein was obliged to resign<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • retired to the Austrian Empire, from which he was summoned to the Russian Empire by Tsar Alexander I in 1812<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • after the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, Stein became head of the council for the administration of the re-conquered German countries<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • his admiration for Frederick the Great, together with his distaste for the pettiness of the legal procedure at Wetzlar, impelled him in 1780 to procede to Berlin and take service under the Prussian monarch<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Stein's early training, together with the sternly practical bent of his own nature, made him impervious to the enthusiasm that the French Revolution had aroused in many minds in Germany<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1808, Stein issued a measure for municipal reform which granted local self-government on enlightened yet practical lines to all Prussian towns and even to all villages possessing more than 800 inhabitants<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • His chief interest was in the study of history, and from 1818 to 1820, he worked hard to establish the society for the encouragement of historical research and the publication of the Monumenta Germaniae historica<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • \"My view of the world and of human affairs I gathered as a boy and youth, in the solitude of a country life, from ancient and modern history, and in particular I was attracted by the incidents of the eventful history of England.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Rosa Bonheur<\/span> (1822-1899)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      A French artist and sculptor, and animali\u00e8re (painter of animals) known for her artistic realism<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • her most well-known painting is Labourage nivernais, first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1848, and now at Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Orsay in Paris<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • another famous painting is Le march\u00e9 aux chevaux which was exhibited at the Salon of 1853 and is now in the New York Metropolitan Museum<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Rosa Bonheur was claimed to be the the most famous woman painter of her time, perhaps of all time<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Paulhan criticized her Labourage nivernais, arguing that good art simplifies, and that it was spoiled with the execution of the clods of earth<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • according to Bonheur, these clods were painted in a heartwarming way, but according to Paulhan, she did not create, but merely reproduced, providing too much insignificant detail, and weakened nature by reproducing it<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Paul C\u00e9zanne was also unimpressed, commenting that it is horribly like the real thing<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Simon Marius<\/span> (1573-1625)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        German astronomer who claimed to have discovered four major moons of Jupiter some days before Galileo Galilei<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Galileo accused Marius of plagiarism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • a jury in The Netherlands in 2003 examined the evidence extensively and ruled in favor of Marius<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • while Galileo named the moons Jupiter I, Jupiter II, Jupiter III, and Jupiter IV, Marius named them after the lovers of Zeus, i.e. Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • drew conclusions about the structure of the universe from his observations of the Jovian moons and the<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • concluded from his observations of the Jovian moons that they must orbit Jupiter while Jupiter orbits the Sun<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Marius concluded that the geocentric Tychonic system, in which the planets circle the Sun while the Sun circles the Earth, must be the correct world system, or model of the universe<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • spent most of his life in the city of Ansbach<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Christiaan Huygens<\/span> (1629-1695)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Leading Dutch mathematician and scientist of his time whose work included early telescopic studies of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan, and the invention of the pendulum clock<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • mathematical tutor Jan Jansz de Jonge Stampioen set the 15-year-old a demanding reading list on contemporary science<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • studied law and mathematics at the University of Leiden from 1645 to 1647<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • generally wrote in French or Latin<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • in 1655, Huygens proposed that Saturn was surrounded by a solid ring, \"a thin, flat ring, nowhere touching, and inclined to the ecliptic\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • in the same year, he observed and sketched the Orion Nebul, his drawing, the first such known of the Orion nebula<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • 1659, Huygens was the first to observe a surface feature on another planet, Syrtis Major, a volcanic plain on Mars<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • shortly before his death in 1695, Huygens completed Cosmotheoros, published posthumously in 1698, in which he speculated on the existence of extraterrestrial life on other planets which he imagined was similar to that on Earth<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he argued that extraterrestrial life is neither confirmed nor denied by the Bible, and questioned why God would create the other planets if they were not to serve a greater purpose than that of being admired from Earth<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Huygens postulated that the great distance between the planets signified that God had not intended for beings on one to know about the beings on the others, and had not foreseen how much humans would advance in scientific knowledge<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Stefan Zweig<\/span> (1881-1942)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Austrian novelist and playwright who at the height of his literary career, in the 1920s and 1930s, he was one of the most popular writers in the world<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • studied philosophy at the University of Vienna<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1904 earned a doctoral degree with a thesis on The Philosophy of Hippolyte Taine, a French historian and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • had a warm relationship with Theodor Herzl, the founder of Zionism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Zweig believed in internationalism and in Europeanism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • during WWI, Zweig served in the Archives of the Ministry of War<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • adopted a pacifist stand like his friend Romain Rolland, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1915<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1934, following Hitler's rise to power in Germany, Zweig left Austria for England, living first in London, then from 1939 in Bath<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1940, Zweig and his second wife crossed the Atlantic to the United States, settling in New York City<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1940, moved again to Petr\u00f3polis, a German-colonized mountain town 68 kilometers north of Rio de Janeiro<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • feeling more and more depressed by the growth of intolerance, authoritarianism, and Nazism, and feeling hopeless for the future for humanity, Zweig wrote a note about his feelings of desperation<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • on February 23, 1942, the Zweigs were found dead of a barbiturate overdose in their house in the city of Petr\u00f3polis, holding hands<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • \"I think it better to conclude in good time and in erect bearing a life in which intellectual labour meant the purest joy and personal freedom the highest good on Earth.\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Zweig's memoir, The World of Yesterday, was completed in 1942 on the day before he committed suicide. It has been widely discussed as a record of what it meant to be alive between 1881 and 1942 in central Europe<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Madame de Pompadour<\/span> (1721-1764)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A member of the French court and was the official chief mistress of Louis XV from 1745 to 1751<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • took charge of the king's schedule and was a valued aide and advisor, despite her frail health and many political enemies<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • secured titles of nobility for herself and her relatives, and built a network of clients and supporters<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • she was particularly careful not to alienate the Queen, Marie Leszczy\u0144ska<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • she was a major patron of architecture and decorative arts<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • was a patron of the philosophes of the Enlightenment<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • contemporary opinion supported by artwork from the time considered her to be beautiful, with her small mouth and oval face enlivened by her wit<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • her husband was soon infatuated with her and she was celebrated in the fashionable world of Paris<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • she founded her own salon, at \u00c9tiolles, and was joined by many philosophes, among them Voltaire.<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in February 1745, she was invited to a royal masked ball at the Palace of Versailles<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • by March, she was the king's mistress, installed at Versailles in an apartment directly above his<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • by May, the official separation between her and her husband was pronounced<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • on 14 September, she was formally introduced to the court by the king's cousin, the Princess de Conti, and she quickly mastered the highly mannered court etiquette<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • she and Louis XV ended their sexual relationship after 1750, but remained intimate friends<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Louis XV was devoted to her until her death from tuberculosis in 1764 at the age of forty-two<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Voltaire wrote of her death: \"I am very sad at the death of Madame de Pompadour. I was indebted to her and I mourn her out of gratitude. It seems absurd that while an ancient pen-pusher, hardly able to walk, should still be alive, a beautiful woman, in the midst of a splendid career, should die at the age of forty-two.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Fran\u00e7ois Boucher<\/span> (1703-1770)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                French painter, draughtsman and etcher who worked in the Rococo style, known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • perhaps the most celebrated painter and decorative artist of the 18th century<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • painted several portraits of his patroness, Madame de Pompadour<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • a native of Paris, Boucher was the son of a lesser known painter Nicolas Boucher<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • at his death, along with that of his patron Madame de Pompadour, had become synonymous with the French Rococo style<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • \"Boucher is one of those men who represent the taste of a century, who express, personify and embody it.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Anatole France<\/span> (1844-1924)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  French poet, journalist, and novelist, ironic and skeptical, considered in his day the ideal French man of letters, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • as a child, his father's bookstore, called the Librairie France, specialized in books and papers on the French Revolution and was frequented by many notable writers and scholars of the day<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • became famous with the novel Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard (1881)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in Les Opinions de J\u00e9r\u00f4me Coignard (1893), he captured the atmosphere of the fin de si\u00e8cle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • took an important part in the Dreyfus affair. He signed \u00c9mile Zola's manifesto supporting Alfred Dreyfus<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in L'\u00cele des Pingouins (1908), he satirizes human nature by depicting the transformation of penguins into humans, after the animals have been baptized by mistake by the nearsighted Abbot Mael, a satirical history of France, starting in Medieval times, going on to the writer's own time with special attention to the Dreyfus Affair and concluding with a dystopian future<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Les dieux ont soif (1912) is a novel set in Paris during the French Revolution about a true-believing follower of Robespierre and his contribution to the bloody events of the Reign of Terror of 1793\u201394<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • La Revolte des Anges (1914) is often considered France's most profound novel. Loosley based on the Christian myth of the War in Heaven, it tells the story of Arcade, the guardian angel of Maurice d'Esparvieu. Arcade falls in love, joins the revolutionary movement of angels, and towards the end realizes that the overthrow of God is meaningless unless in ourselves and in ourselves alone we attack and destroy Ialdabaoth<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • he died in 1924 and is buried in the Neuilly-sur-Seine community cemetery near Paris<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • is widely believed to be the model for narrator Marcel's literary idol Bergotte in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Julian the Apostate<\/span> (331-363 AD)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Roman Emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and Greek author, a man of unusually complex character: military commander, social reformer, man of letters, and theosophist (theosophy, mystic philosophy seeking the origin and purpose of the universe)<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • a member of the Constantinian dynasty, Julian became Caesar over the western provinces by order of Constantius II in 355 and in this role campaigned successfully against the Alamanni and Franks<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • most notable was his crushing victory over the Alamanni in 357 at the Battle of Argentoratum (Strasbourg), leading his 13,000 men against a Germanic army three times larger<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 360 in Lutetia (Paris) he was proclaimed Augustus by his soldiers, sparking a civil war between Julian and Constantius<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • before the two could face each other in battle, however, Constantius died, after naming Julian as his rightful successor<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire, and it was his desire to bring the Empire back to its ancient Roman values in order to, as he saw it, save it from dissolution<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • purged the top-heavy state bureaucracy and attempted to revive traditional Roman religious practices at the expense of Christianity<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Julian was mortally wounded in a campaign against the Sassanid Empire (224-651 Turkey\/Iran) and died shortly thereafter<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Petrarch<\/span> (1304-1374)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and considered the founder of Humanism<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • his rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Renaissance<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • disdaining what he believed to be the ignorance of the centuries preceding the era in which he lived, Petrarch is credited or charged with creating the concept of a historical Dark Ages<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • he straddled two worlds\u2014the classical and his own modern day<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Petrarch was a prolific letter writer and counted Boccaccio among his notable friends to whom he wrote often<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • his sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • traveled widely in Europe, served as an ambassador, and has been called the first tourist<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • he collected Latin manuscripts and was a prime mover in the recovery of knowledge from writers of Rome and Greece<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • in 1336, with his brother and two servants, he climbed to the top of Mont Ventoux, a feat which he undertook initially for recreation rather than necessity, and was thus the first recorded Alpinist of modern times<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • but the event affected him more than expected, and the Renaissance can be said to begin not with the ascent of Mont Ventoux but with the subsequent descent, in the change of perspective upon his return to the valley of soul<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • \"And men go about to wonder at the heights of the mountains, and the mighty waves of the sea, and the wide sweep of rivers, and the circuit of the ocean, and the revolution of the stars, but themselves they consider not.\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • the 16th century, Pietro Bembo created the model for the modern Italian language based largely on Petrarch's works<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Pierre Bayle<\/span> (1647-1706)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        A Protestant French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work the Historical and Critical Dictionary in 1697<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • a forerunner of the Encyclopedists<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • an advocate of the principle of the toleration of divergent beliefs<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • his works influenced the development of the Enlightenment<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • his Dictionnaire Historique et Critique is a biographical dictionary<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • the overwhelming majority of the entries are devoted to individual people, whether historical or mythical, but some articles treat religious beliefs and philosophies<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • many of the more controversial ideas in the book were hidden away in the voluminous footnotes, or they were slipped into articles on seemingly uncontroversial topics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • influenced many thinkers of the Enlightenment, including Denis Diderot and the other Encyclop\u00e9distes, David Hume, and George Berkeley<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • born in Carla-le-Comte, later renamed Carla-Bayle in his honor<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • educated by his father, a Calvinist minister<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • entered a Jesuit college in Toulouse<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • became a Roman Catholic a month later, 1669<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • with two years, returned to Calvinism and fled to Geneva<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in Geneva, became acquainted with the teachings of Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • returned to France and went to Paris, where he worked as a tutor<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1675 was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the Protestant Academy of Sedan<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1681 university at Sedan was suppressed by the government in action against Protestants<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • fled to the Dutch Republic, appointed professor of philosophy and history at the \u00c9cole Illustre in Rotterdam<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • 1693 became embroiled in internal quarrel in the college, deprived of his chair<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • remained in Rotterdam until his death in 1706<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          George Gascoigne<\/span> (1535-1577)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          [GAS-coin]<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • most important English poet of the early Elizabethan era, following Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • most noted works include \"A Discourse of the Adventures of Master FJ\" (1573), an account of courtly sexual intrigue and one of the earliest English prose fictions<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • \"The Supposes\" (1573) an early translation of Ariosto and the first comedy written in English prose<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he was taken prisoner after the evacuation of Valkenburg by English troops during the Siege of Leiden, and was sent to England in the autumn of 1574, afterwards dedicating to Lord Grey de Wilton the story of his adventures, \"The Fruites of Warres\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he acknowledged Chaucer as his master, and differed from the earlier poets of the school of Surrey and Wyatt chiefly in the greater smoothness and sweetness of his verse<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Jean-Honore Fragonard<\/span> (1732-1806)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • one of the most prolific artists active in the last decades of the Ancien R\u00e9gime, Fragonard produced more than 550 paintings (not counting drawings and etchings)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • among his most popular works are genre paintings conveying an atmosphere of intimacy and veiled eroticism<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • while working at the French Academy in Rome, he toured Italy, executing numerous sketches of local scenery and it was in these romantic gardens, with their fountains, grottos, temples and terraces, that Fragonard conceived the dreams which he was subsequently to render in his art<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • before a portrait of his was bought by the king, Fragonard had hesitated between religious, classic and other subjects, but the subsequent demand of the wealthy art patrons of Louis XV's pleasure-loving and licentious court turned him definitely towards those scenes of love and voluptuousness with which his name will ever be associated, and which are only made acceptable by the tender beauty of his color and the virtuosity of his facile brushwork, such works including the Le collin maillard (Blind Man's Bluff), Serment d'amour (Love Vow), Le Verrou (The Bolt), and L'Escarpolette (The Swing)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • for half a century or more he was so completely ignored that Wilhelm L\u00fcbke's 1873 art history volume omits the very mention of his name<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • subsequent reevaluation has confirmed his position among the all-time masters of French painting<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • the influence of Fragonard's handling of local color and expressive, confident brushstroke on the Impressionists cannot be overestimated<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Giordano Bruno<\/span> (1548-1600)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and cosmological theorist, who is remembered for his cosmological theories, and his trial and burning at the stake in Rome is considered a landmark in the history of free thought and the emerging sciences<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • at the age of 17, Bruno entered the Dominican Order at the monastery in Naples<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • during his time in Naples he became known for his skill with the art of memory<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • gradually, his taste for free thinking and forbidden books, such as the banned writings of Erasmus, caused him difficulties<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • he traveled extensively, to Turin, Venice, Padua, Geneva, Toulouse, and Paris<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • King Henry III summoned him to discover if his memory skills were natural or an acquired magic art, for which he published the book The Shadows of Ideas and dedicated it to the king<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • from 1583\u20131585 he was in England where he completed and published some of his major works, as well as lectured at Oxford<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in Germany, he was granted permission to teach at Wittenberg, where he lectured on Aristotle for two years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • after this he was in Prague, then taught in Helmstedt, but had to flee again when he was excommunicated by the Lutherans<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1592, he moved to Padua, where he applied unsuccessfully for the chair of mathematics, which was given instead to Galileo Galilei one year later<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • the same year, he was denounced by Giovanni Mocenigo the Venetian Inquisition, which had Bruno arrested<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1593, the Roman Inquisition asked for his transfer to Rome where they kept him a prisoner in the Tower of Nona, near the Tiber river near Piazza Navona<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • during his trials, Bruno defended himself by insisting that he accepted the Church's dogmatic teachings while trying to preserve the basis of his philosophy<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • the Inquisitor Cardinal Bellarmine demanded a full recantation, which Bruno eventually refused<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • on January 20, 1600, Pope Clement VIII declared Bruno a heretic and the Inquisition issued a sentence of death<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • upon hearing his sentence, Bruno is supposed to have said, \"Maiori forsan cum timore sententiam in me fertis quam ego accipiam\" or \"Perhaps you pronounce this sentence against me with greater fear than I receive it\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • on February 17, 1600, in the Campo de' Fiori, Bruno was hung upside down naked before he was finally burned at the stake, his ashes thrown in the Tiber River, and in 1603, his works were placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Christine de Pizan<\/span> (1364-1430)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                An Italian-French, late-medieval author who served as a court writer for several dukes and the French royal court during the reign of Charles VI<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • she mainly produced poetry and prose works such as biographies and books containing practical advice for women, completing 41 works during her 30-year career<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • she married in 1380 at the age of 15, and was widowed 10 years later, much of her impetus for writing coming from her need to earn a living to support her mother, her niece, and her two children<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • she spent most of her childhood and all of her adult life in Paris and then at the abbey at Poissy, and wrote entirely in her adopted language, Middle French<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Christine's participation in a literary debate in 1401 allowed her to move beyond the courtly circles, and ultimately to establish her status as a writer concerned with the position of women in society<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • in The Book of the City of Ladies Christine created a symbolic city in which women are appreciated and defended, and hoped to establish truths about women that contradicted the negative stereotypes that she had identified in previous literature<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • her final work was a poem eulogizing Joan of Arc<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • she has been described as beginning her literary career singing alone in her room, finishing by shouting in the public square<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Simone de Beauvoir argued that Christine de Pizan should be seen as an early feminist who efficiently used language to convey that women could play an important role within society, and that her work \u00c9p\u00eetre au Dieu d'Amour was the first time world literature has seen a woman take up her pen in defense of her sex<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac<\/span> (1778-1850)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  French chemist and physicist known mainly for his discovery that water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen, together with Alexander von Humboldt<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • produced the degrees Gay-Lussac used to measure alcoholic beverages in many countries<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1802 he formulated the law, Gay-Lussac's Law, stating that if the mass and volume of a gas are held constant then gas pressure increases linearly as the temperature rises<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1804 he and Jean-Baptiste Biot made a hot-air balloon ascent to a height of 7,016 meters in an early investigation of the Earth's atmosphere, collecting samples of the air at different heights to record differences in temperature and moisture<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1808 he was the co-discoverer of the element boron together with Louis Jacques Th\u00e9nard and Sir Humphry Davy.<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • In Paris, Rue Gay-Lussac lies between the Palais du Luxembourg and the Sorbonne<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Johann Joachim Quantz<\/span> (1697-1773)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    A German flutist, flute maker and Baroque music composer in Frederick the Great's court who produced hundreds of flute sonatas and concertos, and wrote On Playing the Flute, a treatise on flute performance<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • born in Oberscheden, near G\u00f6ttingen<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • father was a blacksmith who died when Hans was not yet 11 and on his deathbed, he begged his son to follow in his footsteps<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • began his musical studies as a child with his uncle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • from 1714 on, Quantz studied composition extensively and pored over scores of the masters to adopt their style<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1716 he joined the town orchestra in Dresden and studied Baroque counterpoint<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • between 1724 and 1727 Quantz completed his education by doing a tour of Europe as a flutist<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • he studied counterpoint with Francesco Gasparini in Rome, met Alessandro Scarlatti in Naples, befriended the flutist Michel Blavet in Paris, and in London was encouraged by Handel to remain there<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1728 Quantz accompanied August II on a state visit to Berlin where he impressed the court<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • the Crown Prince, Frederick the Great, decided to study the flute and Quantz became his teacher<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Frederick II became King of Prussia in 1740, Quantz finally accepted a position as flute teacher, flute maker and composer at the court in Berlin<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Quantz is best known today as the author of Versuch einer Anweisung die Fl\u00f6te traversiere zu spielen (1752)<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Quantz remained at Frederick's court at Potsdam until his death in 1773<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Richard Francis Burton<\/span> (1821-1890)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      An English explorer, geographer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer, and diplomat, known for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa and the Americas, as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures and for translating One Thousand and One Nights into English<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Burton defied many aspects of the pervasive British ethnocentrism of his day, relishing personal contact with human cultures in all their variety<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • works and letters extensively criticized colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • although he never finished his formal university education, he became a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and scholarly articles about subjects<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • a characteristic feature of his books are the copious footnotes and appendices containing observations and information<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • one of his best-known achievements was a well-documented journey to Mecca, in disguise at a time when Europeans were forbidden access<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Giovanni Battista Piranesi<\/span> (1720-1778)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        An Italian artist famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric prisons<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • born in Treviso near Venice<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • from 1740 he had an opportunity to work in Rome as a draughtsman<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • he studied under Giuseppe Vasi who introduced him to the art of etching and engraving of the city and its monuments<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • after his studies with Vasi, he collaborated with pupils of the French Academy in Rome to produce a series of views of the city<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in 1748, he opened a workshop in Via del Corso<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • from 1748\u20131774 he created a long series of vedute of the city which established his fame<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in 1764, the nephew of the Pope appointed him to restore the church of Santa Maria del Priorato in the Villa of the Knights of Malta on Aventine Hill, his sole architectural work of importance<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • the developing center of the Grand Tour of Europe, as known to artists and intellectuals, was Rome, and included Dresden, Paris, and London<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Rome became a new meeting place and intellectual capital of Europe for the leaders of this new movement in the arts, and veduta, or views of a city, was one of the forms of artistic expression which emerged<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • many also came to see the new discoveries and remains at Heraculaneum and Pompeii<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • the remains of Rome particularly kindled Piranesi's enthusiasm<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • in addition to Piranesi's veduta, his Carceri d'invenzione, or Imaginary Prisons, is a series of 16 prints that show enormous subterranean vaults with stairs and mighty machines, which later influenced Romanticism and Surrealism<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Aristides de Sousa Mendes<\/span> (1885-1954)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Portuguese consul-general in the French city of Bordeaux who defied the orders of Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo regime, issuing visas and passports to an undetermined number of refugees fleeing Nazi Germany<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • as the German army approached Paris, the largest single movement of refugees in Europe since the Dark Ages began<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • an estimated six to ten million people took to the roads and railways to escape the German invasion<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Bordeaux and other southern French cities were overrun by desperate refugees<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Sousa Mendes began disobeying Dispatch 14 almost immediately, on the grounds that it was an inhumane and racist directive<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • for this, Sousa Mendes was punished by the Salazar regime with one year's suspension on half-pay<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • afterwards he kept on receiving his full consul salary until his death<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • he was vindicated in 1988, more than a decade after the Carnation Revolution that toppled the Estado Novo<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • for his efforts to save Jewish refugees, Sousa Mendes was recognized by Israel as one of the Righteous Among the Nations, the first diplomat to be so honored, in 1966<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • when Sousa Mendes issued these visas and thousands of others, it was a deliberate act of disobedience to the decree of an authoritarian dictatorship<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • it was said of him, \"Here was a unique act by a man who believed his religion imposed certain obligations, He said, 'I'm saving innocent lives,' as simply as he might have said, 'Come, walk with me in my garden.'\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Giorgio de Chirico<\/span> (1888-1978)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Italian artist and writer, who founded the scuola metafisica art movement before World War I which influenced surrealist artists<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • was born in Greece and studied art at Athens Polytechnic<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1906, he moved to Germany entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1909 he moved back to Italy, to Milan and then Florence where he painted some of his well-known works such as The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1911, he spent some days in Turin and was fascinated by the the architecture of its archways and piazzas<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1911, he moved to Paris and painted there until the start of the war in 1914<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • during the war, he continued to paint and founded the group Pittura metafisica<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in 1918 he transferred to Rome, after which he began to paint in an increasingly neoclassical and neo-Baroque style<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • he is best known for his metaphysical paintings he produced between 1909 and 1919, which are characterized by haunted, brooding moods evoked by their images<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • in his metaphysical period, he developed a repertoire of motifs: empty arcades, towers, elongated shadows, mannequins, and trains, arranged to create images of forlorness and emptiness that paradoxically also convey a feeling of power and freedom<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • \"To become truly immortal, a work of art must escape all human limits: logic and common sense will only interfere. But once these barriers are broken, it will enter the realms of childhood visions and dreams.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Fran\u00e7ois F\u00e9nelon<\/span> (1651-1715)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A French Roman Catholic archbishop, theologian, and poet best known as the author of The Adventures of Telemachus<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • the book Telemachus fills out a gap in Homer's Odyssey, recounting the educational travels of Telemachus, son of Ulysses, accompanied by his tutor, Mentor, who is revealed at the end of the story to be Minerva, goddess of wisdom<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • the Adventures of Telemachus is also a scathing rebuke to the autocratic reign of Louis XIV of France<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • the book has been referred to as \"the true key to the museum of the eighteenth-century imagination\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • one of the most popular works of the century and with its message of world peace, it was an immediate best-seller both in France and abroad<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • F\u00e9nelon's early education was provided by private tutors, who gave him a thorough grounding in the language and literature of the Greek and Latin classics<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1675 at the age of 24 he was ordained as a priest<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1685, the Church began a campaign to send the greatest orators in the country into the regions of France with the highest concentration of Huguenots to persuade them of the errors of Protestantism, and F\u00e9nelon was included in this group<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1689, F\u00e9nelon was named the tutor of the grandson of Louis XIV, the 7-year-old Duke of Burgundy, who was second in line for the throne, and for whom F\u00e9nelon composed his Les Aventures de T\u00e9l\u00e9maque<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • in 1693, F\u00e9nelon was elected to the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • for F\u00e9nelon all wars were civil wars: humanity was a single society and all wars within it the greatest evil, and one's obligation to mankind as a whole was always greater than what was owed to one's particular country<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3<\/span> (1871-1917)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Uruguayan essayist who called for the youth of Latin America to reject materialism, to revert to Greco-Roman habits of virtuous thought and self enrichment, and to develop and concentrate on their culture<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • exchanged letters with important Hispanic thinkers of the time such as Leopoldo Alas in Spain<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Rod\u00f3 is today considered the preeminent theorist of the modernista school of literature<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • is best known for his essay Ariel (1900), drawn from The Tempest, in which Ariel represents the positive, and Caliban represents the negative tendencies in human nature, and they debate the future course of history<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Rod\u00f3 intended Ariel to be a secular sermon to Latin American youth, championing the cause of the classical western tradition<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • spoke out against debilitating effect of working individuals' limited existence doing the same work, over and over again, never having time to develop the spirit<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • denounced pragmatic utilitarianism, i.e. the philosophical movement that considered utility as the way to bring the most happiness to all those affected by it<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • argued that utilitarianism causes individuals to become specialized in very specific fields and as an effect of such specialization, they end up receiving an incomplete, deformed education<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • warns against nordoman\u00eda, or the attraction of North America and argues for the importance of regional identity and how it should be rooted deeply into every country<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Fran\u00e7ois Mauriac<\/span> (1885-1970)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  French novelist, dramatist, critic, poet, journalist, a member of the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise from 1933, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1952, life-long Catholic, critic of Camus, and political opponent of French rule in Vietnam<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • studied literature at the University of Bordeaux, graduating in 1905<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • moved to Paris to prepare for postgraduate study at the \u00c9cole des Chartes<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • wrote for Le Figaro<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • had dispute with Albert Camus who said newly liberated France should purge all Nazi collaborator elements, but Mauriac warned that such disputes should be set aside in the interests of national reconciliation, doubting that justice would be impartial or dispassionate given the emotional turmoil of liberation<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • was opposed to French rule in Vietnam, and strongly condemned the use of torture by the French army in Algeria<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • in 1952 he won the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life\"<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • published a series of personal memoirs and a biography of Charles de Gaulle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • encouraged Elie Wiesel to write about his experiences as a Jew during the Holocaust, and wrote the foreword to Elie Wiesel's book Night<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Arthur Rimbaud<\/span> (1854-1891)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    French poet and international adventurer and merchant known for his influence on modern literature and arts which prefigured surrealism<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • started writing at a very young age and excelled as a student, but abandoned his formal education in his teenage years to run away from home to Paris amidst the Franco-Prussian War<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • during his late adolescence and early adulthood he began the bulk of his literary output, but completely stopped writing at the age of 21, after assembling one of his major works, Illuminations<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • was known to have been a libertine and a restless soul, having engaged in an at times violent romantic relationship with fellow poet Paul Verlaine, which lasted nearly two years<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • by 1875, Rimbaud had given up writing in favor of a steady, working life, and continued to travel extensively in Europe, mostly on foot, then extensively on three continents as a merchant<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1876 he enlisted as a soldier in the Dutch Colonial Army to get free passage to Java in the Dutch East Indies<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • four months later he deserted and fled into the jungle, but managed to return incognito to France by ship, as a deserter he would have faced a Dutch firing squad had he been caught<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1878, Rimbaud journeyed to Cyprus where he worked for a construction company as a stone quarry foreman<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1880, Rimbaud finally settled in Yemen as an employee in the Bardey agency, going on to run the firm's agency in Harar, Ethiopia<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • in 1871, Rimbaud wrote a letter explaining his poetic philosophy: \"Maintenant, je m'encrapule le plus possible. Pourquoi ? Je veux \u00eatre po\u00e8te, et je travaille \u00e0 me rendre voyant : vous ne comprendrez pas du tout, et je ne saurais presque vous expliquer. Il s'agit d'arriver \u00e0 l'inconnu par le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement de tous les sens. Les souffrances sont \u00e9normes, mais il faut \u00eatre fort, \u00eatre n\u00e9 po\u00e8te, et je me suis reconnu po\u00e8te. Ce n'est pas du tout ma faute.\"<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \n<\/td>\n
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Georges Haussmann<\/span> (1809-1891)<\/span><\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Il a dirig\u00e9 les transformations de Paris sous le Second Empire<\/div>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • il souhaitait instaurer une politique facilitant l'\u00e9coulement des flux, aussi bien de population, de marchandises que d\u2019air et d\u2019eau, convaincu par les th\u00e9ories hygi\u00e9nistes h\u00e9rit\u00e9es des Lumi\u00e8res et qui se sont diffus\u00e9es \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de chol\u00e9ra de 1832<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • cette campagne fut intitul\u00e9e Paris embellie, Paris agrandie, Paris assainie<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • un autre objectif \u00e9tait de pr\u00e9venir d'\u00e9ventuels soul\u00e8vements populaires, fr\u00e9quents \u00e0 Paris : apr\u00e8s la R\u00e9volution de 1789<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • a l'obsession de la ligne droite, ce que l'on a appel\u00e9 le culte de l'axe au xixe si\u00e8cle<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • pour cela, il est pr\u00eat \u00e0 amputer des espaces comme le jardin du Luxembourg mais aussi \u00e0 d\u00e9molir certains b\u00e2timents comme le march\u00e9 des Innocents ou l'\u00e9glise Saint-Beno\u00eet-le-B\u00e9tourn\u00e9<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • il am\u00e9nage un certain nombre de parcs et jardins : ainsi sont cr\u00e9\u00e9s un square pour chacun des quatre-vingt quartiers de Paris, ainsi que le parc Montsouris et le parc des Buttes-Chaumont<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • des r\u00e8glements imposent des normes tr\u00e8s strictes quant au gabarit et \u00e0 l'ordonnancement des maisons, les immeubles se ressemblent tous, c'est l'esth\u00e9tique du rationnel<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • il fait aussi construire ou reconstruire des ponts sur la Seine ainsi que de nouvelles \u00e9glises, comme Saint-Augustin ou la Trinit\u00e9<\/li>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • il d\u00e9cide d'\u00e9tendre la ville de Paris jusqu'aux fortifications de l'enceinte de Thiers, onze communes limitrophes de Paris sont totalement supprim\u00e9es et leurs territoires absorb\u00e9s par la ville enti\u00e8rement: Belleville, Grenelle, Vaugirard, La Villette, Auteuil, Passy, Batignolles-Monceau, Bercy, La Chapelle, Charonne et Montmartre<\/li><\/ul><\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>"}